208 LAND MAMMALS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE 



time. Horses were still present in North America, though 

 apparently in greatly diminished numbers and variety. Tapirs 

 have not been found, though they may have lingered on in the 

 southern regions. The typically North American genus of deer 

 (Odocoileus) was, of course, well represented, and Old World 

 types had a much more southerly distribution than at present. 

 The Caribou (Rangifer caribou) came down into Pennsylvania 

 and Ohio, the Moose {Alee americanus) into Kentucky and 

 Kansas, and the Wapiti {Cervus canadensis) is reported as far 

 south as Florida. A very remarkable animal is the Stag- 

 Moose {'fCervalces scotti), the best preserved skeleton of which 

 is that in the museum of Princeton University. This was 

 found in a shell-marl beneath a peat-bog at Mt. Hermon, 

 N. J., north of the great terminal moraine, and therefore most 

 probably this particular individual dates from a time not 

 earlier than the beginning of the final retreat of the ice. 



^Cervalces, as its name implies, was in some respects inter- 

 mediate between the Stag (Cervus) and the Moose (Alee) ; 

 in general proportions it most nearly resembled the latter, 

 having a short neck, long body and very long legs ; but the skull 

 differed in many respects from that of the Moose, especially in 

 parts which show that the great, inflated snout and pre- 

 hensile upper lip had no such development in the extinct as in 

 the living form. The antlers were unique among the known 

 members of the deer family, resembling those of the Moose, 

 though much less palmated and with the addition of great 

 trumpet-shaped plates. The feet were large, almost as large 

 as in the Caribou, and the whole structure indicates an animal 

 well fitted to travel through deep snows and flourish in severe 

 winters. 



Even more typically northern than the Caribou were the 

 Musk-Oxen, of which two genera occurred in the late Pleistocene. 

 One of these, '\Symbos, is extinct and was characterized by its 

 short horns ; the other, Ovibos, is the genus to which the exist- 

 ing species, 0. moschatus and 0. wardi, belong and is now con- 



