HARDY PERENNIALS 151 



forded them and they are transplanted early 

 enough to insure their reestablishing tliem- 

 sehes before winter freezing puts an end to 

 their efforts in this direction. Seedlings so 

 grown are very often healthier than those ob- 

 tained from nurseries. They transplant better, 

 too, for their roots are exposed but a compar- 

 atively short time and they suffer nothing 

 through transit. 



SHORT-LIVED PERENNIALS 



Many of the perennials are best when treated 

 as biennials. The lives of such are not long and 

 the yearly renewal insures sturdy, vigorous, 

 flowering plants. Among these short-lived per- 

 ennials are the chimney bellflower {Campanula 

 pyramidalis) , Rocky Mountain columbine (^g/u- 

 legia carulea), Iceland poppy {Papaver nudi- 

 caule), etc. On the other hand, to attempt to 

 raise some varieties from seed is to invite fail- 

 ure. Some species have been greatly im- 

 proved and, in many such instances, propaga- 

 tion by means of seed is almost sure to result 

 in seedlings of altogether inferior description. 

 The better means of propagating such varieties 

 is by division of the roots either in early spring 

 or in the autumn. To this class many of the 



