GENERAL PRINCIPLES 11 
ments, they are really essentially executive orders 
and regulations. The city has no authority to 
make ordinances outside of the limits of the pro- 
visions expressly given in the charter and state 
statutes. Neither may the city pass an ordinance 
which has a legal authority outside of the limits 
of the city, except in a few special cases where 
such additional authority is given, such as to pro- 
tect the purity of the public water supply. A city 
may pass an ordinance prohibiting the importa- 
tion of milk which comes from cows which have 
not passed the tuberculin test. This ordinance 
has no legal authority over the dairy situated out- 
side of the city, though it may have a commercial 
force over a dairy situated even in another state. 
The farmer is not compelled to use the tuberculin 
test; but if he wishes to sell his product he must 
furnish such a product as his customers want, and 
unless there be some special restriction in the mat- 
ter, such as was enacted by the state of Illinois a 
few years ago at the demand of the dairymen, a 
city may make such a regulation by ordinance, and 
the ordinance will be supported by the courts.’ 
The city may not go beyond the provisions of its 
charter and the statutes, but whatever the state 
expressly provides it may do legally. 
Those who are familiar with European methods 
sometimes fail to realize the fundamental differ- 
ences in the systems of government. There the 
separation of powers is not distinct, and we find 
14 Adams vy. Milwaukee, 228 Montclair, 81 N. J. L. 218, 80 
U. 8. 572; Adams v. Milwau- Atl. 30; Hawkins v. Hoye 
kee, 144 Wis. 371; Nelson v. (Miss.), 66 So. 741. 
Minneapolis, 112 Minn. 16; 15 PuBLIC HEALTH, 254-262. 
Borden v. Board of Health, 
