GOVERNMENTAL INSPECTION 165 
when action is brought against him for typhoid 
fever, or for scarlet fever which has been com- 
municated through the agency of the milk, the 
sympathy of the jury is against the dairyman, and 
the moral effect in the community of an adverse 
decision is strong. A fine imposed through a 
prosecution of the health department has little 
deterrent effect; but damages assessed for harm 
done by infected milk is injurious to his business. 
A single damage suit, therefore, will have a pow- 
erful deterrent effect, to prevent his future lack 
of care; and it will influence all the dairymen of 
the vicinity more than much inspection and many 
prosecutions. This method, besides being more 
effective, has the advantage that it is less ex- 
pensive for the government, and it does not require 
the enactment of special ordinances, or the issu- 
ance of special regulations. While one weakness 
of ordinances lies in the fact that adjacent 
cities or villages may adopt different, and even 
conflicting, regulations, the weakness of this 
method consists in the fact that it must wait for 
its operation until harm has actually occurred, 
and this injury must often result in much sickness 
and many deaths in the community before the 
proof is sufficiently strong to warrant action. This 
method, therefore, must be used chiefly as sup- 
plemental to the third method. 
The third method, and the one universally 
adopted in America, consists in governmental 
supervision. Statutes and ordinances are enacted, 
generally requiring the issuance of licenses, and 
specifying under what conditions the business 
may be conducted. These licenses are issued 
