CHAPTER VIII. 
EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATION. 
§165. American Executive §172. License Appeals. 
System Unsatisfactory. §173. Health Preservation a 
§ 166. Executive Boards. Function of the State. 
§ 167. A Trained Executive. § 174. Organization of a Health 
§ 168. Paid Executives, Department—State. 
§ 169. Permanency of Office. § 175. Local Organization. 
§ 170. Veterinary Science and §176. Records. 
the Medical Profes- §177. Reports. 
sion. § 178. Guidance of Legislation. 
§ 171. License Examiners. 
165. American Executive System Unsatisfac- 
tory. Although Americans have the reputation 
of being highly efficient in business, they fail to 
show evidences of such a character in the execn- 
tive departments of state and municipal govern- 
ments. There are several reasons for this. One 
is that the people generally have not awakened 
to the fact that governmental business, like com- 
mercial enterprises, requires special training and 
experience for each branch of the work. Ameri- 
cans show a certain egotistical conceit in thinking 
that any one can serve in any kind of an office, 
and that each citizen has a sort of right to a chance 
at the public treasury. The ‘‘spoils’’ system, with 
the frequent changes of the occupants of office, is 
emphatically hostile to efficiency. What business 
house could survive if every two or three years it 
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