EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATION 215 
tection of the health and lives of animals and men 
upon the competency of the practitioners of both 
classes. The determination of this fitness is there- 
fore a normal portion of the work of a health de- 
partment. This is generally determined either by 
the registering of a diploma from a recognized 
school, or by an examination before a board. When 
it is simply a registration of a diploma it is a 
purely executive act, and needs no special organi- 
zation. An examination is a quasi-judicial act, 
though performed in an executive department. 
Competent examiners are not generally such men 
as are fitted for ordinary executive business. It 
happens, therefore, that examiners are generally 
chosen from the ranks of the profession into which 
the applicant seeks admission. They must each 
be a man of judicial temperament, and specially 
qualified according to the most advanced knowl- 
edge of some particular portion of professional 
knowledge. A board of surgeons is not competent 
to examine a man’s knowledge of medicine; nor 
one of eye specialists to decide as to a man’s com- 
petency in obstetrics. The board should there- 
fore be made up so that each field of the practice 
will be covered by some member who is well edu- 
cated in that field. (§§ 30-38.) 
Examiners should not be connected, either di- 
rectly or indirectly, with an educational institu- 
tion granting diplomas in that profession. Such 
men, even when honest in intention, are inclined 
to unduly favor certain schools. 
Examiners should be paid for their work for 
the public good. This does not mean that they 
should be paid large fees, but that they should 
