378 APPLICATION OF METHODS OF BACTERIOLOGY 



stances. The injections are followed by both local and con- 

 stitutional reactions, varying in the degree of intensity and 

 length of duration with different individuals. The immunity 

 resulting is said to be established fairly promptly and to last 

 for six weeks and longer. The investigations of the Indian 

 Plague Commission justify the conclusion that both mor- 

 bidity and mortality for Plague is less among the inoculated 

 than among the uninoculated. 



In so far as experiments upon animals and observations 

 upon human beings afford positive light on this subject, 

 the protective inoculations protect only against the bubonic 

 type of plague and are practically without influence in 

 preventing the pulmonary or pneumonic manifestation. 



The comprehensive critical review of this subject made 

 by Strong^ led him to the same conclusion as that of KoUe 

 and Otto:^ that the most effective protection from plague 

 is that afforded by the injection of attenuated, living cul- 

 tures. Tests made upon monkeys and guinea-pigs demon- 

 strated this method to be, in round numbers, three times 

 as effective as when cultures killed by heat are used. While 

 the results of these investigations fully warrant the conclu- 

 sions drawn by the authors, it is doubtful if the method 

 will be generally approved as applicable to man. The pos- 

 sibility of accident where living cultures are used even 

 though they be attenuated to the point of harmlessness, 

 as decided by animal, tests, is more than likely to operate 

 against the routine employment of such cultures in the 

 protection of human beings by vaccination. 



Besredka, of the Pasteur Institute,' advocates the use 



' Philippine Journal of Science, Section B, 1907, p. 155; 1912, p. 223. 



2 Zeit. f. Hyg. Infektionskr., 1903, S. 45. 



'Bull, de I'Institute Pasteur, 1910, viii, p. 241; 1912, a, p. 529. 



