594 



COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOG-Y. 



trated in the simplest way by a well-known toy, consisting of 

 an elastic bag tied upon a hollow stem of wood, across which 

 rubber bands are stretched, and the vibration of which caused 

 by the air within the distended bag gives rise to the note. 



It is especially important to recognize the nature, extent, and 



Fig. 431. 



Fig. 433. 



Fig. 431.— Lateral view of larynffeal muscles (after Sappey). 1, body of hyoid bone; 

 3, vertical section of thyroid cartilage; 3, horizontal section of thyroid cartilage, 

 tnmed downward to show deep attachment of crico-thyroid muscle; 4, facet of 

 the articulation of email comu of thyroid cartilage with cricoid cartilage; 5, facet 

 on cricoid cartilage; 6, superior attachment of crico-thyroid muscle; 7, posterior 

 crico-arytenoid muscle; 8, lateral crico-arytenoid muscle; 9, thyro-arytenoid mus- 

 cle; /lO, arytenoid muscle proper; 11, aryteno-epiglottidean muscle; 12, middle 

 thyro-hyoid ligament; 13, lateral thyro-hyoid ligament. 



Fig. 433.— Distribution of nerves in larynx of horse (Chauveau, after Toussaint). a, 

 base of tongue; 6, epiglottis; c, arytenoid muscles; d, section of thyroid cartilage 

 to show parts it covers; e, cricoid cartilage; /, trachea; g, oesophagus; A, thyro- 

 arytenoid muscle; e, lateral crico-arytenoid muscle; j^ posterior crico-arytenoid 

 muscle; k, arytenoid muscle; 1, superior laryngeal nerve; 2, inferior laryngeal; 3, 

 branches of superior laryngeal passing to epiglottis and tongue; 4, branches of 

 superior laryngeal passing to oesophagus; 5, very fine multiple anastomoses be- 

 tween two laryngeals; 6, tracheal branches; 7, branch to posterior crico-arytenoid 

 muscle; a portion is distributed, through the muscles, to subjacent mucous mem- 

 brane; 10, oranch passing to arytenoid muscle; 11, (esophageal brancti to aryte- 

 noid muscle; 11, oesophageal branch of pharyngeal nerve; it sometimes comes 

 from external laryngeal. 



