THE CLASSIFICATION OF DOMESTIC CATTLE 217 



but undoubtedly she would not have been seriously criti- 

 cized for type in a show of grade dairy animals. This is 

 not unreasonable. It would not be difficult to find good ex- 

 amples of dual-purpose heifers, somewhat thick and smooth 

 soon after calving, that after milking six months would 

 clearly seem of dairy type. The condition in this case 

 largely affected the classification of type. It is important 

 to understand, however, that the three types above re- 

 ferred to are generally recognized, and that good examples 

 of each are clearly distinct and different from each other 

 in conformation. 



Sub-types of cattle may be defined as minor variations 

 within a type. In recent years stockmen have come to talk 

 much about type, so that within a breed we hear comment 

 on this or that type. This reference is largely due to a cer- 

 tain line of breeding, wherein quite distinctive differences 

 have developed. Shorthorn breeders speak of the Scotch 

 type or Bates type, one being more compact and blockier 

 than the other, yet each within the one type. Jersey breed- 

 ers refer to the American and the Island types, the former 

 being plainer of head, rather larger framed, and with less 

 symmetry of udder than the latter, yet each is of the dairy 

 type. These are simple examples to demonstrate that the 

 word type is often used to refer to one class within another. 

 The more experienced the judge or breeder, the more at- 

 tention he is likely to give to these minor distinctions, 

 which he really classifies into sub-types. These character- 

 istics do not interest the feeder or the man engaged in 

 handling grade cattle, and are emphasized only by the 

 breeder of pure-bred stock. 



