354 JUDGING FARM ANIMALS 



Bull. 



Pointa 



Head, wide, strong and masculine, relatively short, etc 12 



Neck, of medium length, full crest, of good thickness 5 



Shoulder, of medium thickness and smoothly laid 8 



Chest, broad and deep, brisket prominent 12 



Back and ribs: back, medium long, with spring of ribs from backbone 



giving rounding appearance, with ribs flat and fairly wide apart . . 14 



Hips, wide, well covered 3 



Quarters of good length, thighs wide and moderately full, deep . . . . 6 



Legs, short, straight 3 



Uudimentaries, large, wide apart and placed well forward 12 



Position of rudimentaries 6 



General Description — Strong, impressive, low set and of good carriage, 



weight 1,800 to 2,000 lbs., when mature and finished. 



Special features of these scales of points that apply to 

 the dual-purpose type, are the emphasis on the word 

 "medium" as applied to length and thickness of various 

 parts, the character of back and ribs, and the large number 

 of points credited to mammary development. The judge 

 should note especially that the scale of points for the cow 

 contains nearly as many points credited to the udder, etc., 

 as is recognized in some of the official dairy cattle score 

 cards — a rather striking evidence of recognition of milk 

 production in this type. 



In judging cattle of the dual-purpose type, it is highly 

 important to keep the essentials of conformation well in 

 mind, and assign animals to their places according to the 

 way they measure up to the more or less elastic standards 

 of this class. 



