131 
ively abundant in the bottom-lands during the winter. Passing west- 
ward to Pierce City, Mo., it was recorded as a rare winter resident in 
the bottom-lands. Still farther southwest, at Caddo, Ind. Ter., it is 
so rare a bird in winter that none of the local hunters thought one 
could be found. A few were seen, however, one at a time, all through 
December and January. Near Houston, in eastern Texas, it is an 
abundant resident (Nelrling). Throughout the greater part of its 
range it is a more or less regular migrant, its movements depending 
largely, if not wholly, on the food supply. Though capable of with- 
standing great cold when food is plenty (as for instance when it spends 
the winter in northeastern New York), * it seems to much prefer a warm 
climate, and when in the south waits until the weather is settled be- 
fore attempting the northward journey. In the spring of 1884, in the 
belt between latitude 39° and latitude 39° 30’ in Illinois and eastern 
Missouri, their winter numbers began to be increased about the middle 
of March, and in Illinois the first had advanced to Chicago by the end 
of the month. No such advance took place in Iowa. Not a Red-head 
was reported in the State before April 26, nor any further advance in 
Illinois until after May 1. By the 1st of May the advance in Iowa was 
at latitude 41° 38’, and by May 6 those on the western side of the Mis- 
sissippi had overtaken those on the eastern side, and they were both 
together in Wisconsin and Minnesota at latitude 43° 43’, Four days 
later they had passed to West Depere, Wis. (latitude 44° 26’); May 15 
they were reported from Minneapolis and Green Bay; May 19 from 
Elk River, Minn. (latitude 45° 25’), and the last day of the month they 
had penetrated to Oak Point, Manitoba (latitude 50° 30’). Near the 
Mississippi River the bulk may be looked for about ten or fourteen 
days after the arrival of the first. 
In the fall of 1884 the bulk left Williamstown, Iowa, August 27, and 
Des Moines, Iowa, September 18. At Des Moines the last was reported 
September 19; and at Mount Carmel, Mo., November1l. AtShawnee. 
town, Ill., it remained through the winter of 1884~’85, and a single pair 
wintered at Saint Louis, Mo. .Several early records from points farther 
north indicate that the individuals scen had wintered not far from the 
localities whence they were reported. These records are: Fayette, Mo., 
March 10; Sioux City, lowa, March 11; Durand, Wis., March 15; Keo. 
kuk, Iowa, March 22; and Lake City, Minn., April 13. 
In regular migration in the spring of 1885 it was first noted from 
Saint Louis, Mo., April 16; an increase was observed April 21; it con- 
tinued arriving slowly from April 22 to 26, and the bulk came from 
April 28 to May J. As the rest of the notes for 1885 can not be arranged 
systematically they will be given in full. The “firsts” recorded were as 
follows: Ferry, Iowa, April 24; Williamstown, Iowa,and Lake Mills, 
Wis., April 25; Delavan, Wis., April 29; Fayette, Mo., and Grinnell, 
Iowa, April 30; Paris, Ill., Manhattan, Kans., and Milwaukee, Wis., 
* Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol, III, 1878, pp. 124-125, 
