158 
484. Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.). [297.] Canada Jay. 
This is a northern bird, coming down in winter from the pine forests 
of Manitoba, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, where itis abundant. It has 
not been known to breed ia Wisconsin, but breeds in northern Minne- 
sota, where I found it in summer in the tamarack swamps. 
486. Corvus corax sinuatus (Wagl.). [280.] American Raven. 
A hundred years ago the Raven was found probably all over the 
Mississippi Valley, excepting perhaps in the Gulf States. Now civiliza- 
tion has driven it from most of the district, but it is still found locally 
in almost every State except Mississippi and Louisiana. In western 
Kansas it is resident and not uncommon (Goss). The migratory move- 
ment is too slight to be studied, and is dependent upon the food rather 
than the weather. At the mouth of Devil’s River and the bend of the 
Rio Grande, in Texas, immense numbers pass the winter and disperse 
again in the spring. In western Texas its nest has been taken by Mr. 
Lioyd. In Manitoba it is a resident at some places and a winter visi- 
tant at others. 
487. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. [281.] /[Vhite-necked Raven. 
A southwestern species; common in western Texas. Resident in 
western Kansas, where it is rare in summer but common in fall and 
winter (Goss). Rare in Nebraska. Mr. Lloyd states that it is resident 
as far east as Tom Green and Concho Counties, Tex., where it is 
abundant at times. He says: “The bulk retire in fall in large flocks 
down the Pecos and Devil’s Rivers, where they winter by thousands. 
A nest with six eggs was found May 19, 1882, in a low hackberry; 
another nest, partly finished, was found May 13, 1883; and a third, 
with three eggs, May 5, 1885, in low mesquites.” 
488. Corvus americanus Aud. [282.] Common Crow. 
Common in name and common by nature, the Crow is a common sum- 
mer bird over all of Manitoba and the Mississippi Valley, and common 
in winter from northern Iowa southward. In winter it is especially 
numerous at Pierce City, Mo., where Mr. Nehrling says that thou- 
sands spent the night near his house, and is still more abundant at 
Saint Louis, where its numbers, after the increase of the first half of 
January, reached near fifty thousand. The most northern record in the 
winter of 1883~84 was at Lanesboro. Minn. In the spring of 1884 
migration began about the same time as the real migration of the Pur- 
ple Grackle, that is, in the second week in March. Passing irregularly 
north, crows reached the stations around latitude 45° in Minnesota 
March 13 and 14; Frazee City, Minn. (latitude 46° 33’), March 17, 
and firally arrived at Oak Point, Manitoba, on the last of the month. 
They were marked as coming to Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, April 4, 
which date is said to be later than usual. 
During the winter of 1884~’85 (on New Yeai’s day) crows were again 
