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be seen amid the thick foliage. Moreover, the number of different spe- 
cies is so great, and the variations of plumage so endless, that the young 
student of ornithology is bewildered, and for the first year is compelled 
to leave the subject with the single note, “ great numbers ui Warblers 
came last night, and to-day the woods are full of them.” The Black 
and White Creeper is one of the best known of these Warblers, and one 
of the few which breed throughout the whole Mississippi Valley and 
Manitoba. 
Forsaking this district in winter, it returns late in February or early 
in March. In the spring of 1884 they arrived at both Manhattan, Kans., 
and Saint Louis, Mo., April 17—a thing which seldom happens, as West- 
ern birds are usually later than Eastern. After a pause of a few days, 
they advanced rapidly on April 27 and April 28 to latitude 42°. May 
1 found them at latitude 44°, and May 10 at latitude 47° 30’. The 
bulk followed some ten or twelve days in the rear. This species has 
not yet been traced west to the Rocky Mountains, but it has been found 
in Texas as far west as San Angelo, and it was seen April 9 at Gaines- 
ville, Tex. 
In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Black and White Creepers left Will- 
iamstown, Iowa, August 22, and the last September 5. The bulk left 
Mount Carmel, Mo., August 25, and the last September 11. At San 
Angelo, Tex., the last was seen September 23. 
In the spring of 1885 the notes on the Black and White Creeper in- 
dicate that it moved earlier in the western part of the district than in 
he eastern, or else that it was confounded with some other bird. The 
first was recorded at Gainesville, Tex., March 31, and the remark was 
made that this date was ten days later than the earliest record of pre- 
vious years. It was reported from Corinth, Miss., April 7. The next 
note came from Manhattan, Kans., where it was reported April 15. At 
Mount Carmel, Mo., it was seen April 18. During the three days from 
April 21 to April 23 it was seen at Saint Louis, Mo.; Paris, Ill.; Chi- 
cago, Ill.; Fernwood, Ill.; Des Moines, Iowa; Waukon, Iowa, and 
Lanesboro, Minn. At Chicago they were marked common April 21.. 
After a long pause they advanced to Ripon, Wis., May 5, and were 
noted from New Richmond, Wis., May 10. One was seen at White 
Earth, Minn., May 16. 
In the fall of 1885 the last was seen at Saint Louis, Mo., September 
25. It disappeared from River Falls, Wis., September 15. The first 
appeared at San Angelo, Tex., September 3. 
637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). [75.] Prothonotary Warbler. 
Winters beyond our southern border, and advances in spring regu- 
larly to southern Indiana, Illinois, lowa, and Nebraska, and occasion- 
ally a little farther, breeding throughout its United States range. 
August 16, 1874, Dr. Hvoslef shot a Prothonotary Warbler in west- 
ern Wisconsin, opposite the mouth of the Root River. The most north- 
ern record of its occurrence is that of F. L. Grundtvig, who procured a 
