76 Darwin, and after Darwin. 
as examples, by not only restricting these to cases 
which occur in our own organization; but of them I 
shall mention only such as refer us to the very last 
stage of our ancestral history—viz. structures which 
Fic. 11.—Rudim:ntary, or vestigial and useless, muscles of the 
human ear. (From Gray's Anatomy.) 
have become obsolescent since the time when our dis- 
tinctively human branch oF the family tree diverged from 
that of our immediate forefathers, the Quadrumana. 
(1) Muscles of the external car.—These, which are 
of large size and functional use in quadrupeds, we 
