Criticisms of Theory of Natural Selection. 359 
the first acted directly upon these structures them- 
selves, Darwinists do not suppose that in all—or even 
in most—cases of correlated growth the correlated 
structures are of use. On the contrary, it is well 
known that structures due to correlated growth are, 
Fic. 117.—Feather-footed pigeon. Drawn from nature. 
as a rule, useless. Being only the by-products of 
adaptive changes going on elsewhere, in any given 
case the chances are against these correlated effects 
being themselves of any utilitarian significance ; and, 
therefore, as a matter of fact, correlated growths 
appear to be usually meaningless from the point of 
