TOWNSEND AND ALLEN: LABRADOR BIRDS. 289 



dor Jay and the Hudsonian Chickadee, perhaps also the Pine Gros- 

 beak, have been observed moving in fall in a definite migratory way, 

 but the extent of these movements is quite unknown. 



Ornithological History — Ornithologists. 



Although Audubon was the first ornithologist to study the birds 

 of Labrador, there is much of ornithological interest, to be found in 

 the writings of an earlier explorer of this region. George Cartwright, 

 Esq., published in Newark, England, in 1792, three quarto volumes 

 entitled: "A journal of transactions and events during a residence 

 of nearly sixteen years on the coast of Labrador, containing many 

 interesting particulars both of the country and its inhabitants not 

 hitherto known. Illustrated with proper charts." The abundant 

 bird life of his times is vividly portrayed in the accounts of the 

 flights of Curlew in the fall, the great numbers of ducks and geese, 

 murres, and gulls crowding the islands and furnishing the polar 

 bears and Cartwright's company with many feasts of eggs. Some 

 of these notes will be entered later in the annotated list, but it is 

 of interest to mention here that Cartwright describes the capture of 

 a Great Auk. He also speaks several times of shooting -pied ducks, 

 but there is of course considerable doubt as to whether the now 

 extinct Camptolaimus labradorius is referred to, although there are 

 reasons to believe that this is the case. The names he uses for other 

 wild fowl, as Whabby for Red-throated Diver, Hound for the Old- 

 squaw, Tinker for the Razor-billed Auk, and Bull for Dovekie are 

 still employed on the coast. 



Cartwright's chief places of residence in Labrador were at Cape 

 Charles at the eastern end of the Straits of Belle Isle, and at Sandwich 

 Bay the present site of the Hudson's Bay company's post of Cart- 

 wright. He arrived at Labrador in July, 1770, and left it for the 

 last time in the summer of 1786. 



The earliest definite ornithological investigation of the Labrador 

 fauna was made by the illustrious Audubon. 1 He departed on a 

 long-contemplated trip to this region from' Eastport, Maine, on June 

 6, 1833, on the schooner Ripley, commanded by Captain Emery. 

 His party, all young men under twenty-four years of age, consisted 



1 The observations made by Sir John Richardson and recorded in his " Fauna 

 Boreali-Americana " (1829-1837) were all made in the regions to the north and west 

 of Hudson Bay. They are therefore outside of the Labrador region. 



