DAIRY INSPECTION 155 
way in advanced tuberculosis of the lungs; if the cough is low, 
weak, and moist, it is especially suspicious. Old cows are not 
infrequently affected with pulmonary emphysema, and a short, 
dry cough may be readily induced in such animals; but even a 
cough of this character is suspicious of tuberculosis. A cow in 
health may cough as a result of inhaling dust, cold air, or irri- 
tating gases, but the cough is not frequent or chronic. Cough 
in cattle is softer, hollow (toneless), and more prolonged than 
in the horse. 
If drawing the skin up over the withers produces cough, it 
is an indication of an irritated condition of the lungs or pleura. 
10. Lungs.—The lungs should be examined by aus- 
cultation. In doubtful cases, closing the nostrils for a 
short time or exercise will render the sounds more 
audible. 
Exaggeration of the vesicular murmur (when not due to 
exercise) and the presence of the bronchial sound, rales, or 
vague sounds are evidences of disease of the bronchi or lungs. 
Friction sounds occur in pleuritis (fibrinous). In tuberculosis, 
especially after exercise, the vesicular murmur may be exagger- 
ated and rough, and rales and vague sounds may be heard. The 
disease may exist, however, when no abnormal sounds can be 
detected. In old cows sibilant rales may be heard because of the 
presence of pulmonary emphysema. 
11. Prescapular and Precrural Lymph-glands.— 
The precrural glands can be palpated whether normal 
or enlarged, but the prescapular glands cannot be felt 
unless they are enlarged. 
The prescapular lymph-gland, also called the superficial 
cervical, is situated beneath a layer of muscular tissue at the 
anterior border of the shoulder, a little above the shoulder 
joint. 
The precrural lymph-gland is situated in the flank, just 
under the skin, at the anterior border of the tensor fasciz 
