INDUSTRIES 



same town 243. But one of the most 

 valuable results of the list is the proof it 

 affords that aliens were already engaged here 

 in certain industries at a time earlier than 

 the generally accepted period of their in- 

 fluence. Thus taking in the first place, as 

 the more important, the Southwark trades, 

 there were amongst the householders four 

 ' byre brewers,' and amongst the non-house- 

 holders six described as brewers* servants. 

 The leather trades are well represented, 

 although there is no instance where an alien 

 is described as a tanner. In all probability this 

 process of the iftanufacture remained in 

 native hands. That the manufacture must 

 have already existed hereabouts may be safely 

 inferred from the fact that in the preparatory 

 operation, that of skinning, nine aliens were 

 engaged, seven of them being householders, 

 and three others appear as skinners' servants ; 

 whilst in the later stage of currying the 

 tanned leather there were engaged two 

 curriers and three curriers' servants. In addi- 

 tion to these a feir proportion found their 

 occupation in the conversion of the prepared 

 leather into finished articles. To this class 

 belong the fifteen cordwainers (thirteen of 

 them householders), who had no less than 

 forty-five servants between them, three 

 cobblers, two cobblers' servants, three pursers 

 with four servants, two girdlers, and a pom- 

 melmaker. There were no less than sixteen 

 tailors with fourteen aliens in their service, 

 and other trades concerned in the manufac- 

 ture or sale of articles of wearing apparel 

 were represented by weavers, cappers, hat- 

 makers, haberdashers, hosiers, pointmakers, 

 embroiderers, and glovers. The presence of 

 eleven foreign goldsmiths, belonging to the 

 trade to which fell most of the banking busi- 

 ness of the time, with their seventeen ser- 

 vants, may be taken as some indication of the 

 extent of the commerce which was then 

 carried on in Southwark. Other occupations 

 in which one or more aliens were here 

 engaged at this period are represented by 

 armourers, smiths, jewellers, dial-makers, 

 bakers and pie-bakers, carpenters and joiners, 

 balance-makers, pin-makers, farriers, hard- 

 waremen, sawyers, chandlers, and others. 



Outside Southwark the alien population of 

 Surrey in 1440 was thinly distributed all over 

 the county and calls for little remark here. 

 There were three foreign cordwainers at 

 Kingston and one each at Chertsey, Dorking, 

 and Croydon. Of weavers there were two 

 at Kingston and one at Croydon. The latter 

 town had also a foreign collier and a glover. 

 At Wallington there were two masons. But 

 at no other place in Surrey than at South- 



wark were aliens gathered together in such 

 numbers as to attain to the dignity of a 

 colony. Several of the parish clergy were 

 foreigners, but the greater number of the non- 

 householder class of aliens appear to have been 

 in the domestic service of the gentry and 

 others. 



But it was more especially to the large 

 immigrations during the sixteenth century 

 of aliens, driven from their homes by the 

 political and religious disturbances abroad, 

 that this country was indebted for the 

 introduction either of wholly new indus- 

 tries or of vastly improved methods in those 

 which had been developed to a greater degree 

 of perfection on the continent. The valu- 

 able Returns of Aliens dwelling in the City 

 and Suburbs of London,^ now in course of 

 publication by the Huguenot Society, em- 

 brace the Surrey suburbs more immediately 

 contiguous to the city, and show, so far as 

 they have been published (from 1509 to 

 1597), how varied were the trades in which 

 aliens were engaged during this period in 

 and about Southwark. The particular effect 

 which their settlement was likely to have 

 on the Borough may be judged from the 

 fact that according to a return of 1583 

 the ward of Bridge Without harboured a 

 greater number of them than any other ward 

 of London.^ Out of a total number of 

 2,537 for all the wards 473 were returned as 

 resident in Bridge Without, whilst Bishops- 

 gate, which came second in point of numbers, 

 had only 262. It must be noticed, however, 

 that these totals do not appear to include 

 those aliens who were resident in the several 

 exempted places or liberties in or about the 

 city. Of these there were 445 in East Smith- 

 field, and a fair proportion in most of the 

 other liberties on the north side of the 

 Thames, whereas no certificates seem to have 

 been sent in from the liberties in Southwark, 

 Horsleydown, Newington, and Lambeth. 



Of the nationalities of the aliens resident 

 in Southwark during this century, where they 

 are given in the lists or so far as the form of 

 the names is a guide, the Dutch very largely 

 preponderated. A return made in 1567 for 

 the ward of Bridge Without gives, exclusive 

 of wives and children, the names of 427 

 described as Dutchmen, whilst there are 

 only 30 Frenchmen and 8 Scots to com- 

 plete the total.' In November 1571 there 

 were 845 Dutch in the same ward to 84 



1 Ed. R. E. G. and E. F. Kirk (Hug. Soc. Pub. 

 X.) , parts i. and ii. 



2 Ibid. ii. 377. 



3 Ibid. ii. 342-51- 



251 



