INDUSTRIES 



setting up of glass.' From the proceedings it 

 appears that there were several Dutch glass- 

 makers, evidently makers of window glass, in 

 Southwark at this time.' 



A few years earlier, in 1537, Peter Nichol- 

 son, who is described as a foreign glazier 

 dwelling within the liberty of St. Thomas the 

 Martyr in Southwark, and who afterwards 

 became chief glass-maker to Edward VI., was 

 summoned to answer in the Exchequer for 

 having three aliens in his service in the exer- 

 cise of his mistery beyond the two to which 

 he was limited by the Act 1 4 and 1 5 Hen. 

 VIII. c. 2. The case was adjourned to the 

 following term, but a note in the margin of 

 the entry shows us that he was let off by com- 

 mand of the Chancellor of the Exchequer." 



James Nycholson, who was a printer as 

 well, and is chiefly distinguished for having in 

 the year 1536 printed the Bible in English 

 for the first time in its entirety, made the 

 stained-glass windows of King's College, 

 Cambridge, in his Southwark workshop.* 

 The registers of the Dutch Church in London 

 show one foreign glass-maker, Jacob Nannes 

 van Lyfherden, as resident in Southwark in 

 1550.* The term glazier in medieval Eng- 

 lish had more meanings than are now attached 

 to it. A few instances occur in which it is 

 applied to a maker of glass." But in all prob- 

 ability Michael Crayford of Surrey, glazier, 

 whose will was proved in 1603, was a glazier 

 in the more limited sense in which the term 

 is now accepted.* A Dutch looking-glass 

 maker, Nicholas Closson, appears as a resi- 

 dent in the liberty of the Clink in 161 S.' 

 At the end of the seventeenth century — the 

 exact date is not given but presumably from 

 internal evidence, of the year 1696 or there- 

 abouts — there is a petition made by Peter de 

 Lanoy, esquire, Richard Richmond, gentle- 

 man, and others, the owners of the Green 



1 W. Page, F.S.A. Denizations and Naturaliza- 

 tions (Hug. Soc. Pub. viii.), p. xlv. 



2 Ibid, and Exch. K. R. Memo. R. Mich. 28 

 Hen. VIII. 8. 



3 Mrs. Boger, Bygone Southtvark, 236. 



* Returns of Aliens Dwelling in the City and Sub- 

 urbs of London, ed. R. E. G. Kirk and E. F. Kirk 

 (Hug. Soc. Pub. X.), i. 205. 



» One of the earliest known instances of this use 

 of the word occurs in 1385 in one of the before 

 mentioned leases of the woods in Kirdford to the 

 Chiddingfold glass-makers. The lessees are to be 

 allowed to make of the underwood in the woods 

 a ' Glashous ' and expend it as to the office of 

 ' Glasier ' appertains (ex inf. Rev. T. S. Cooper). 



« Surrey Arch. Coll. xi. 114. 



' Foreigners Resident in England, 1618-88 (ed. 

 Camden Soc. O. S. 82), 97, from S. P. Dom. Jas. 

 I. xcix. 44. 



Glass houses near St. Saviour's, Southwark. 

 The petitioners set out that since the Act for 

 new coinage they had taken considerable sums 

 of clipped and impassable money, and that 

 without some relief it was impossible to pay 

 the tax and keep their works going with new 

 money, it being so scarce.* The tax referred 

 to must have been that imposed by the Act 

 of 1694, which granted to the king and queen 

 certain duties upon glass wares, stone and 

 earthen bottles, coals and culme in order to 

 meet the expenses of the war with France.* 



It was doubtless of these Green Glass works, 

 although their locality is not stated, that Philip 

 Dallows was master, who on 26 November 

 1689 petitioned for the appointment of glass- 

 maker to the king and royal family, and for a 

 patent for the sole making of grenado shells 

 of glass. He represented that he had found a 

 way of making these shells of glass cheaper, 

 better for execution, and lighter for carriage 

 than those made of iron. He petitioned also 

 for a grant for making glass bottles marked 

 for quarts or pints or of any other exact size, 

 in the hope that an Act might be passed en- 

 forcing their use in taverns. In his petition 

 Dallows shows that the master and workmen 

 of the art and mistery of making glass bottles 

 were almost ruined, partly by the Act forbid- 

 ding vintners to draw wine in bottles, partly by 

 a proclamation in Scotland prohibiting bottles 

 there, and partly for want of foreign trade." 

 Dallows received a patent for making glass 

 grenado shells on 22 September 1692." 



In the Houghton Letters for the improve- 

 ment of commerce and trade there is a list 

 dated 15 May 1696, of the glasshouses in 

 England and Wales.*' Those in and about 

 London and Southwark are lumped together 

 without more precise distinction as to their 

 locality, but they number twenty-four out of 

 a total number for the kingdom of eighty- 

 eight, or rather more than twenty-seven per 

 cent. These twenty-four houses consist of 

 nine for the manufacture of bottles, two for 

 looking-glass plates, four for crown glass and 

 plates, and nine for flint glass and ordinary 

 glass. One of these looking-glass houses we 

 may conclude was that established by the 

 Duke of Buckingham at Vauxhall. These 

 are the only two houses of this kind that ap- 

 pear in the kingdom. No glasshouses are 

 returned in other parts of Surrey, and there are 

 none in Sussex, proving how completely the 

 Wealden industry had died out. 



s Treas. Papers, xlii. 29. 

 B Act 6 & 7 Will, and Mary, c. 18. 

 10 Home Office, Pet. Entry Bk. i. 57. 

 n Pat. 4 Will, and Mary, pt. 7, No. 10. 

 " A. Hartshorne, Old English Glasses, ^$7 . 



303 



