INDUSTRIES 



having eight aliens in his employ over and 

 above the four to which he w^as limited by 

 the Act 32 Henry VIII. cap. 16, but so far as 

 can be clearly ascertained from the subsidy 

 returns the total number of aliens in his em- 

 ploy in 1545 was fourteen/ in 1551 eleven,* 

 in 1552, where Leake is entered as Henry 

 Bleke alias Hoke, thirteen,* whilst in 1559 

 not more than four can be assigned to his 

 service.* This decline in the number of 

 these foreign servants is probably to be 

 ascribed to the well known fact that numbers 

 of the foreign settlers in this country were 

 forced to return to the continent during the 

 reign of Mary. 



Of the large number of aliens resident in 

 Southwark during this period not one could 

 at all rival Leake in wealth, save only in 

 1541 when we find that the Florentine mer- 

 chant, Bartholomew Compagni, of whose 

 vast dealings as agent between the Crown 

 and merchants abroad the Acts of the Privy 

 Council at this time afford abundant evidence, 

 was assessed in St. Olave's parish at the high 

 amount of ^^ i ,000 in goods." Without other 

 sources of knowledge the entries on the sub- 

 sidy rolls do not allow us to identify the oc- 

 cupations of those assessed, and we cannot 

 say from them how far the foreign brewing 

 industry was then represented. John Smyth 

 an Englishman who is described as a brewer 

 in 1541 and lived within the liberty of the 

 Clink had a foreigner in his employ,* so that 

 possibly Englishmen had already set them- 

 selves to study foreign methods of brewing. 



Of the first Henry Leake we know that 

 in 1554 he owned a brewhouse in Southwark 

 called the * Dolphin,' and that on 12 Decem- 

 ber of that year he acquired from Edmond 

 Wythipolle of Ipswich together with other 

 premises the yearly quit rent of 2s. issuing 

 from the tavern called the 'Bear' in St. 

 Olave's parish.'' This was the 'Bear at 

 Bridge Foot,' one of the most famous of the 

 Southwark hostelries. In June 1558 we find 

 Henry Leake alias Hoke cited before the 

 barons of the Exchequer as an ofiFender under 

 the Act 23 Henry VIII. cap. 4.' He was 

 reported to have sold in Surrey between 4 

 December 1557 and the date of the citation 

 700 barrels of ale called ' beare ' at 5f. ^d. 

 the barrel, which was i6d. over and above 

 the rate fixed by Thomas Curtys then Mayor 



of London. Two other Southwark 'beare 

 bruers,' Richard Marryett" and Peter van 

 Duran,'" were accused of the like offence in 

 the same term, each of them it was said 

 having sold 400 barrels at the same price 

 during the same period. Another Southwark 

 brewer, John Smyth, who was summoned to 

 answer in the next term for having sold 

 double beer at 4;. 8^. the barrel instead of at 

 the fixed price of 41. pleaded that although he 

 lived in St. Saviour's parish, he lived in the 

 county of Surrey and not in that part of the 

 parish subject to the jurisdiction of the 

 mayor.*' 



Henry Leake in his will dated 1560 desired 

 to be buried in St. Olave's church and left 

 money for the maintenance of a free school, a 

 bequest which formed the nucleus of the fund 

 which brought into being St. Olave's Gram- 

 mar School. His funeral sermon was preached 

 by Miles Coverdale, Bishop of Exeter, to 

 whom there was a bequest of 40^. for the 

 purpose. His son, also named Henry Leake, 

 died in 1563.*^ It was probably this son 

 against whom as Henry Leake alias Hooke 

 an information under the Act 32 Henry 

 VIII. cap. 16, was entered in the Exchequer 

 in Michaelmas term 1562.** He was said to 

 have had in his employ on the preceding 20 

 September eighteen aliens, whereas the Act 

 only allowed him four. The single word 

 * mortuus ' at the foot of the entry shows that 

 he had died before he could appear to answer 

 to the charge. Another Henry Leake, pos- 

 sibly a grandson of the first, appears in 161 7 

 as one of the overseers of the poor of Paris 

 Garden, Southwark. The vestry books re- 

 cord that in 1621 Leake the brewer was 

 living in the manor house of Paris Garden, 

 and that * he shall pay tithes for his house and 

 garden and orchard and for the little plot of 

 ground on which Baxter's house standeth 20J. 

 per annum.''* He gave in 1627, according 

 to Strype, a sum of ;^5 6i. 8^. per annum to 

 the parish." 



From a study of the various returns of 

 aliens resident in London during the latter 

 half of the sixteenth century, it appears that 

 the Borough was the quarter of the metropolis 



9 Ibid. igd. '» Ibid. 2od. 



11 Exch. K. R. Mem. R. Mich. 5 & 6 Ph. 

 and Mary, 42. 



" Surr. Arch. Coll. xvi. 88, note. 



" Exch. K. R. Mem. R. Mich. 4 Eliz. 252. 



1* W. Rendle, F.R.C.S., on 'The Bankside, 

 Southwark, etc' Appendix I. to W. Harrison's 

 Description of England (ed. New Shakespeare See), 

 pt. ii. p. vi. 



16 Surr. Arch, Coll. xvi, 88, note. 



383 



