184 BLUE-WINGED YELLOW WARBLER. 
them as loose, open structures, composed chiefly of broad, thin, and flexible strips of the 
inner bark of deciduous trees, chiefly bass-wood. Others were built of a quantity of oak- 
leaves, sparingly mixed with rather coarse grass and lined with finer grass. Mr. Edwin 
H. Eames, who observed this bird in southern Connecticut, writes about the nidifi- 
cation: “When the nest of this Warbler contains eggs, it is difficult to find, as the 
male ranges over quite an area. The nest is as conspicuous and bulky as the Maryland 
Yellow-throat’s. It is variously situated—in the edge of a thicket, at the foot of a 
brier, etc., or quite as often in a clump of golden-rod (Solidago). I have seen one nest, 
with young, placed on a bog in the edge of swampy woods. This bog was surrounded 
by eight inches of water. Normally the nest rests but lightly on the ground, and 
measures about 4.50 inches deep externally, depends largely on surrounding grasses for 
concealment, fallen leaves being inconspicuously about it.”’ 
The eggs, four or five in number, have a white ground-color and are sprinkled 
with a few reddish-brown dots. 
NAMES: BLUvE-wINcED YELLOW WaRBLER, Blue-winged Swamp Warbler, Blue-winged Warbler. — Blaufliige- 
liger Buschsdnger (German). 
SCIENTIFIC NAMES: Certhia pinus Linn. (1766). Helmintophaga pinus Baird (1858). HELMINTO- 
PHILA PINUS Rineway (1881). Sylvia solitaria Wils. (1810). Helinaia solitaria Aud. (1839). 
DESCRIPTION: Above, yellowish-olive, becoming ashy-blue on the wings and the tail; underparts and 
crown show a rich yellow; a blackish stripe through the eye; wings with two white cross-bars; 
tail with several white large spots. Sexes alike. 
Length, 5.00 inches; wings, 2.50; tail; 2.25 inches. 
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. 
Helmintophila chrysoptera RIDGWAY. 
Puate XI. Fic. 4. 
we and other Northern States abound, even in cultivated distris, in 
swamps and boggy places with a rich peaty soil. Very frequently these 
swamps are found surrounded by fields and meadows or on the borders of woods. 
Not many years ago a heavy growth of white cedars, tamaracks, and ash-trees covered 
these swampy tracts. Most of the trees were cut down, only small specimens being left 
undisturbed. There is, during the entire summer, something fascinating about these swamps 
—their exceedingly beautiful flora, their gloom in daylight, their freshness in the dry 
days of July and August, their rich bird-life, their ever-present mystery. The places once 
occupied by large forest trees are now taken up by elders, willows, exceedingly beautiful 
specimens of the red osier', the kinnikinnik’, the panicled dogwood’, the sheep-berry', 
the black-haw'’, and other shrubs. The leather-wood', huckle-berries of various species, 
1 Cornus stolonifera. 2% Cornus sericea. 8 Cornus paniculata. 4 Viburnum lentago. 6 Viburnum prunifolium. 
& Direa palustris. 
