PART III. 

 CLINICAL MICROSCOPY AND DIAGNOSIS. 



SECTION I. 



Urin.e. 



The sample should be taken from the entire quan- 

 tity passed in 24 hours. Otherwise, select a sample 

 passed some hours after a meal. Do not use the morn- 

 ing's urine for routine examination, as in this urine, 

 least evidence of disturbance of the renal functions 

 will be found. Putrefaction soon occurs when urine is 

 allowed to stand, before examination. A crystal or two 

 of thymol tends to prevent this, and does not destroy the 

 efficacy of any of the coarser chemical or microscopical 

 tests. 



Methods of Examination. 



1. Physical examination. 



(a) Note the quantity passed in 24 hours. This is 

 important in calculating the actual daily excretion of 

 any normal or abnormal urinary constituents, as well as 

 determining whether oliguria or polyuria exists. 



(6) Note the color and such general characters as 

 turbidity. Various changes in color and clearness are 

 found both in normal and abnormal urines. These 

 changes in normal urine depend upon the amount of 



