174 LICHENACEI. [cLAaDINA. 
Spermogones terminal, conical; spermatia cylindrical, somewhat 
curved or straight. 
Distinguished from Cladonia by the absence of a basal thallus*, and by 
the podetia being naked, usually ascyphous, with the cortex not pul- 
veraceo-fatisceut. The species are extremely social, some of them in 
Arctic and Antarctic regions forming the most characteristic feature of 
the vegetation, as also on the higher moorlands and mountains of more 
temperate climes, 
1. C. rangiferina Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. 
n. s. v. (1866) p. 110.—Podetia very much branched, cylindrical, 
somewhat slender, opaiue, subperforate at the axils, more or less ver- 
ruculoso-scabrous, subtomentose, greyish or greyish-white ; branches 
short, divaricate or subdeflexed, subsecund, the apices nodding when 
sterile, erect and subcorymbose when fertile (K+ yellow, CaCl—). 
Apothecia small; spores oblongo-fusiform, 0,010-15 mm. long, 
0,0035 mm. thick.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. 
p. 418; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22—Cladina rangiferina Leight. 
Lich. Fl. p. 74, ed. 3, p. 67. Cladonia rangiferina Gray, Nat. Arr. 
i. p. 415; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 285; Mudd, Man. p. 58; Brit. Clad. 
p. 24. Cenomyce rangiferina Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 65; Tayl. in 
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78. Lichen rangiferinus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 
p. 1153; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 877; 
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 41; Eng. Bot. t. 173. Coralloides mon- 
tanum fruticuli specie wbique candicans Dill. Muse. 107, t. 16. 
f. 29 a-v. Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie 
ubique candicans Dill. in Ray, Syn. p. 66, n. 14.—Under this our 
earlier, and some more recent, authors include also the following 
species. 
This, with C. sylvatica, is the familiar ‘‘ Reindeer Moss.” By the 
separation of that species it is not so variable as it was formerly regarded. 
The podetia are elongate, 8-5 in. and sometimes more in length, densely 
stipate, subsmooth or granuloso-unequal, more or less tomentose, tricho- 
tomously branched, with the branches closer at the apices. In dry and 
more exposed situations they occasionally become greyish-brown. With 
us the apothecia are comparatively rare, but the spermogones are more 
frequent. 
Hab. On the ground, usually in boggy places, on moorlands and 
mountains from upland to subalpine regions.—Dzstr. Not general nor 
common in Great Britain, and not yet seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Tre- 
vello Carne, near Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicester- 
shire; Delamere Forest, Cheshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; the 
Cheviots, Northumberland. Glen Locbay, Ben Lawers, and Rannoch 
Moor, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch and Glen Callater, 
cael Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Forest, and Glen Nevis, Inver- 
ness-shire. 
Form gigantea Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) 
p. 358.—Podetia more elongate, thickish, granuloso-unequal, whitish 
* In Medd. Soe. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 32, Dr. Wainio affirms that both 
C. sylvatica and C. uncialis do very rarely occur with a basal thallus; but this 
certainly requires further proof. 
