228 LICHENACEI, [EVERNIA. 
Series IV. Phyllodei Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (185-4) 
p. 12; Syn. i. p. 315. 
Thallus foliaceous, depressed, lobed or variously laciniate or stel- 
late, rarely fruticulosely ceespitose, corticate on both sides, or some- 
times only on the upper surface ; beneath discolorous, very rarely 
subconcolorous, affixed to the aibsttatun by rhizine, internally 
woolly, very rarely solid. Apothecia either peltiform or lecanorine, 
or lecideine and gyrose: spores usually 8ne, ellipsoid or fusiform, 
simple or variously divided ; paraphyses either discrete or conglu- 
tinate. Spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata; spermatia 
acicular or cylindrical, straight. 
A well-marked Series comprising the best developed of all lichens, 
many of which from their large size are conspicuous objects in their 
various habitats. Though the tribes are as to thallus and fructitication 
rather diverse, yet there are mutual links by which in both of these 
respects they are closely connected. The foliaceous and usually horizontal 
appressed thallus at once distinguishes it from the preceding and the 
following Series. 
Tribe XIII. PARMELIETI Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 445 
(ofr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 77). 
Thallus horizontally expanded, or occasionally erect or ascending, 
laciniate or laciniato-lobed, beneath discolorous ; gonidial layer con- 
sisting of true gonidia. Apothecia parmeleine, sessile or sub- 
pedicellate ; spores usually 8ne, ellipsoid or rarely oblong, simple, 
colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones innate; sterig- 
mata pauci-articulate ; spertnatia acicular, fusiformi-incrassate at 
either apex, or very rarely cylindrical, long and arcuate. 
According to Nylander’ 's recent arrangement, this tribe includes four 
genera, of which Lverniopsts occurs only i in subtropical America. Most of 
the European species of the other genera are met with in Great Britain. 
41. EVERNIA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 84; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) 
p. 283, Flora, 1869, p. 445.—Thallus erect or ascending, or pros- 
trate or pendulous, applanate or somewhat rounded, laciniately 
divided or very much branched, opaque or subopaque, somewhat 
soft or flaccid, rhizinae none or very few ; medullary layer without 
any cavities, arachnoid or partly chondroid, cortical layer thin, 
formed of obliterated cells. Apothecia lateral, with entire thalline 
margin ; hypothecium colourless, thecee small, clavate ; spores 8nx, 
small, simple, colourless; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. 
Spermogones immersed or somewhat superficial ; spermatia acicular, 
straight, somewhat acute at the apices, and towards either apex 
very thinly fusiformi-incrassulate. 
Nylander with most authors placed Zvernia near Alectoria, on account 
