380 LICHENACEI. [LEcaNORA. 
by Nylander /. c. it is more allied to LZ. Turneriana, from which it 
probably descends. The thallus is effuse, with no distinct hypothallus, 
and at times becomes evanescent (form ecrustacea Johns.), The apothecia 
are numerous, at times somewhat crowded, and at length angulose. 
Hab. On granitic rocks in upland tracts.—Distr. Only very sparingly 
in N. England.—B. M.: Tyneside, Bywell, Northumberland ; Scalegill, 
Cumberland. 
42. L. cerina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 390.—Thallus deter- 
minate, thin, smoothish or granulato-unequal, greyish-white (K+ 
crimson), limited by a thin bluish-black hypothallus. Apothecia 
lecanorine, moderate, somewhat plane, pale waxy-yellow (K+ crim- 
son), the thalline margin thin, entire, persistent; spores ellipsoid, 
polari-bilocular, often with longitudinal tube, 0,012-18 mm. long, 
0,006-9 mm. thick; paraphyses tawny-yellow at the apices.—Tayl. 
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 186; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190; Cromb. Lich. 
Brit. p. 47; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209.—Callopisma 
cerinum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Rinodina cerina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. 
p. 456. Lichen cerinus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 216; Dicks. Crypt. 
fase. iii, p. 14; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 24; Eng. Bot. t. 627.— 
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 83; Mudd, n. 97; Cromb. n. 60; Larb. 
Lich. Hb. n. 167. 
A very variable plant as to the thallus and fructification, but readily 
known from its allies by the colour of the hypothallus and the regularly 
lecanorine apothecia. The thallus is often almost or entirely evanescent, 
though even then it always margins the apothecia. These are usually 
fairly numerous, sessile, occasionally of a paler colour, with the spores at 
times more broadly ellipsoid. From it descend the forms and subspecies 
that follow. 
Hab, On the trunks of trees and on old pales in maritime, lowland,-and 
upland districts— Distr. General and common in the Channel Islands 
and England ; apparently rare in N. Wales, S.W. and Central Scotland, 
and §. Ireland.—B. M. : Rozel, Island of Jersey; Islands of Guernsey 
and Sark. Coltishall, Norfolk; near Colchester and Widdington, Essex ; 
Maidstone, Kent; Lewes, Sussex; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New 
Forest, Hants; Plymouth, 8. Devon; Tregawn and Truro, Cornwall; 
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cherry ffintoa and near Quy, Cam- 
bridgeshire ; Oswestry and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Island of 
Anglesea; Bilsdale, Yorkshire; Derwent River, Durham; near Kendal, 
Westmoreland ; Wansbeck, Northumberland. Largs, Ayrshire; Blair 
Drummond and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire, Near Cork; Killarney, co. 
Kerry ; Adare, co. Limerick. 
Form 1. cyanolepra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 144.—Thallus 
thin, evanescent; hypothallus chiefly present.—Leight. Lich, FI. 
p. 220, ed. 3, p. 210.—Patellaria cyanolepra DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) 
p. 560. 
Well marked by the very distinct predominating hypothallus, upon 
which the proper thallus is only very sparingly here and there visible. 
The apothecia at times appear to arise from the hypothallus, but have a 
distinct greyish thalline margin. 
