406 LICHENACET. [LECANORA. 
are evidently referable to Nylander’s plant, the thallus at first appears as 
small scattered ink-like stains upon the substratum, which at length be- 
come confluent, so that it spreads extensively without any distinct limits. 
For the greater part it is only hypothalline, but here and there a few thal- 
line verrucee are present, coloured blackish with smoke, as are also the 
gonidia (form fumigata Cromb.). The apothecia are numerous and 
crowded. ; 
Hab. On composite walls and pillars of houses in lowland tracts. 
—Distr. Confined apparently to the more open suburban districts of 
London, where it is not uncommon.—B. M. : Camden Town and Notting 
Hill, London; Crystal Palace, Surrey. 
Subsp. 2. L. dispersa Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 291.—Thallus obsolete 
or entirely wanting. Apothecia minute, more or less scattered, 
pale-livid, subcarneous or blackish, naked or pruinose, the thalline 
margin white, entire or subcrenulate; spores 0,009-14 mm. long, 
0,0045-60 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, usually slightly incrassate 
at the apices.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—Lecanora galactina 
form dispersa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 206, ed. 3, p. 190. 
A good subspecies, characterized chiefly by the absence of a distinct 
thallus. It spreads extensively over the substratum, and as it occasion- 
ally grows associated with less developed states of the type, it probably 
descends from some of these. The apothecia are usually somewhat scat- 
tered, though at times rather Sree in the same specimen. 
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Only 
here and there in Great Britain and Ireland; not seen from the Channel 
Islands.—B. M.: Ryde beach, Isle of Wight; Cirencester, Gloucester- 
shire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Hartlepool, Durham; Cunswick Scar, 
Westmoreland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch, 
Blair Athole, and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, 
Aberdeenshire. Cliffs of Moher, co. Clare; Delphi, Connemara, co. 
Galway. 
81. L, urbana Nyl. ew Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Thallus 
subdeterminate, moderate, granulato-squamulose, white, opaque ; 
granules depressed, crenate or subcrenate (K—). Apothecia mode- 
rate, crowded, pale, more or less white-suffused, the thalline margin 
subcrenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. 
thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed, not clavate at the apices; hy- 
menial gelatine bluish, the thece at length sordid-violet er bluish 
with iodine.— Lecanora galactina subsp. urbana Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. 
t. xiii. (1866) p. 368. 
Differs from Z. galactina in the thicker, whiter thallus, the longer 
spores, and more especially in the paraphyses being twice or thrice as 
thick and distinctly articulate, In the British specimens the apothecia 
are numerous, crowded, often subangulose, with thickish, slightly crenate 
margin. 
Hab, On mortar of old walls near towns in lowland districts, — Distr: 
oer in S. England and 8. Ireland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere,— 
y Near Dorking, Surrey; Folkestone, Kent; Lewes, Sussex. 
ork. : 
