428 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA. 
Closely reluted, like all the other plants of this subsection, to Z. 
umbrina, from which it differs in the characters given. In the British 
specimen gathered the thallus is subgreenish and somewhat scattered, 
with numerous, mostly subbiatorine apothecia,in which the paraphyses 
are scarcely discrete. 
Hab. On granitic stones of a wall ina lowland district Distr. Only ‘ 
sparingly in NE, Scotland; no doubt tu be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: 
‘Woodside, near Aberdeen. 
111. L. mammillifera Stirt. Trans. Glasgow Soc. Nat. 1875, 
p. 85.—Thallus minutely areolato-diffract, dark- or brownish-grey, 
the areole plane (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia small, prominent, 
convex, black or brownish-black, internally pale-greyish, the margin 
(? thalline) obtuse, at length depressed ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-010 
mm. long, 0,007-0,0085 mm. thick; paraphyses few, discrete, 
thickish, brownish at the clavate apices; hypothecium colourless ; 
hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny (especially the theca) with 
iodine.—Leight. Lich. FI, ed. 3, p. 201. 
I have seen no specimen of the plant, and as the author says nothing 
as to its affinities or the character of the spermogones, it may not belong 
to this section. 
Hab. On rocks in a mountainous district —Drstr. Very local on one of 
the Central Grampians, Scotland (Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire). 
d, Thallus usually more or less yellowish. 
112. L. sulphurea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 399.—Thallus 
thickish, rimoso-areolate, greenish-sulphur-coloured, the areole 
tumid, smooth (K + yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus indistinct. 
Apothecia moderate, at first innate, then protruded, biatorine, plane 
or convex, difform, livid, olive- or livid-black, subpruinose, the thal- 
line margin speedily excluded ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-15 mm. long, 
0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete ; epithecium granulose, 
brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish and then sordid with iodine.— 
Mudd, Man. p. 152; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. 
p- 198, ed. 3, p. 182.—Lecidea sulphurea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 181; 
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 470; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 38; Tayl.in Mack. 
Fl. Hib. p. 127. Lichen sulphureus Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 32; 
Dicks, Crypt. fase. ii. p. 17; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 12; Eng. Bot. 
t. 1186, upper fig—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 114; Mudd, n. 121; 
Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 61, 92; Bohl. n. 117. 
Distinguished from the allied species chiefly by the colour of the thallus 
and by the biatorine, usually immarginate apothecia. It frequently 
spreads extensively over the substratum, the thallus varying somewhat 
in thickness. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming more 
or less confluent. The spermogones are punctiform, immersed, livid-black, 
and often crowded. 
-Hab. On_rocks and walls in maritime, upland, rarely mountainous 
districts.— Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain 
and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands —B.M.: Island of Sark. 
