32 THE ANTARCTIC MANUAL. 
left Melbourne September 20, 1894, and returned in March 1895, so 
that the observations represent only two months, December 1894 and 
January 1895. 
The German Valdivia expedition is the next. The scheme for 
this voyage was laid before the meeting of the Deutsche Naturfor- 
scher und Aertzte, on August 1, 1898, by Professor Chun, of Leipzig. 
It was approved, and the German Government voted 300,000 marks 
(£15,000) in its aid. The steamer was chartered in Hamburg, and 
was under the command of Captain Krech. Dr. Chun was scientific 
director; and Dr. G. Schott, whose paper is reproduced, was oceano- 
grapher. The stay in high southern latitudes was not much longer 
than that of the Antarctic. 
We now come to the Belgian expedition, which spent fourteen 
months within the Antarctic circle. Of this we have two accounts, 
one by Hofrath Hann and the other by Dr. Supan, and both are 
reprinted. 
Lastly, we have the recent expedition fitted out by the liberality 
of Sir G. Newnes. The ship was called the Southern Cross, and the 
leader of the expedition was Mr. Borchgrevink. The observations 
have not been thoroughly discussed, so that all that is available is a 
preliminary notice by Mr. Bernacchi, meteorologist to the expedition, 
and that is what we reproduce. 
Roserr H. Scortr. 
FROM HANN. 
(Handbuch der Klimatologie, 2nd Edition, 1897, vol. iii. p. 543.) 
For the climate of the Antarctic zone we only possess a few 
incomplete observations, which have been obtained by various ex- 
peditions to those regions. Two peculiarities of the climate are 
strongly expressed, the very low summer temperature, and the 
extraordinarily low readings of the barometer. The observations of 
Sir J. C. Ross during the three famous expeditions to the South Pole 
in 1840-43 in H.M.SS. #rebus and Terror, and of Moore in the 
Pagoda in 1845, give for 64° 30'S, lat. a mean summer tempera- 
ture of 31°-1 (four months’ observations, December to March, 
between 60° and 68° S.); and for February, between 75° and 78° S., 
* Not printed in the ‘Meteorologische Zeitschrift.’ 
