ICK NOMENCLATURE. 
BY 
Sir CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, K.C.B. F.R.S., AND 
Hucn Rosert MILL, D.Sc. LL.D. 
Ablation.—Surface waste of ice or snow by melting or evaporation. 
Anchor Ice = ground-ice. 
Aser.—Ridges of stone or gravel believed to have been formed by glacial action. See 
Esker. 
Avalanche.—A mass of snow, névé, or ice detached from its position, and slipping down 
a slope. 
Barrier.—See Ice Cliff or Barrier. 
Bay Floe.—A floe newly formed. 
Bay Ice.—The young ice which first forms on the surface of the sea in autumn. 
Bergschrund.—The wide crevasse usually found at the line where a glacier touches 
the solid rock of a mountain slope. 
Beset.—The situation of a ship when closely surrounded by ice. 
Bight.—An indentation in a floe of ice (like a bay). 
Blink—Ioe Buiinz.—A peculiar brightness along the horizon, which shows itself over 
a distant ice field. The blink over large quantities of ice and over land is 
yellowish. 
Water Sry is a blue streak on the horizon, denoting open water. 
Bore.—The operation of boring through ice consists of entering it under press of sail or 
steam, and forcing the ship through by separating the magses. 
Boulder Clay.—See Till. 
Brash Ice.—Small fragments and nodules, the wreck of other kinds of ice. 
Calf.—A mass of ice lying under a floe near its margin, aud, when disengaged from 
that position, rising with violence to the surface. 
Calving (of icebergs).—When a large or small block of ice breaks off from a parent ice- 
berg. The word may also be applied to au iceberg breaking off from a glacier. 
Chinese Walls.—The continuous cliff in which some glaciers or ice sheets terminate 
when their bases are washed by the sea. 
Crevasse.—A crack or rift in a glacier or ice-sheet. 
Drift.—A vague geological term, inclusive of superficial detrital materials, coarse or fine, 
deposited by water, ice, or wind—more commonly the former. 
Drift Ice.—Pieces smaller than a floe. 
Drumlin.—A Jarge flat mound of gravel or sand formed by glacial action. 
Erratic Blocks.—Often now written simply “erratics.’ Portions of rocks, usually ice- 
worn, which have heen transported by ice from their o1iginal position. 
