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IX. 
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL NOTES. 
By J. Y. Bucnanan, F.RS. 
[All rights reserved by the Author.] 
Ir is unnecessary to frame instructions to the chemist and physicist 
with regard to the performance of routine operations. He must be fully 
instructed and practised in these matters before he leaves. Still less 
is it necessary to frame instructions for carrying out delicate operations 
such as the determination of the amount of carbonic acid, and of the 
permanent gases present in the sea-water, because these operations can 
only be carried out, in the way that would justify the expenditure of 
time, by an expert who had previously provided himself with all the 
apparatus and applances which are necessary. 
But there is another class of observations which it is very 
desirable to make. They are not routine observations; they may 
rather be termed observations by the way. Elaborate provision of 
instruments is not necessary. What is most important is to have a 
definite idea of the kind of observations that are wanted, and of the 
way to make them. 
The following notes have reference to this class of work, which is 
perhaps the most fascinating, and may be the most fruitful that can 
be engaged in. They are for a large part reprinted from two papers, 
one of which * was originally drawn up with a view to an Antarctic 
Expedition, and was read at the Dover Meeting of the British 
Association in 1899; the other} is a paper which was read before the 
Royal Society in May 1894, and consists of the daily record of “ obser- 
vations by the way,” such as it is most important that we should have 
from the Antarctic Land and Ice. The paper is reproduced almost in 
its entirety, because its principal usefulness consists in small matters 
and minute details which would be eliminated in condensation. 
* ‘On the Physical and Chemical Work of an Antarctic Expedition, by J. Y. 
Buchanan, F.R.S. Geographical Journal, November, 1899. 
+ ‘On Rapid Variations of Atmospheric Temperature, especially during Fohn, and 
the methods of observing them,’ by J. Y. Buchanan, F.R.S. Proc. R.S., vol. lvi. 
p. 108. 
