88 THE ANTARCTIC MANUAL. 
The following table gives the temperature at which ice melts in 
solutions of various chlorides. The concentration of the brines is 
indicated by the percentage of chlorine by weight in the solution. 
It is taken from the writer’s paper ‘On Ice and Brines.’ 
Taste III. 
Temperature at which Se ane ee 
Ice melts in Brine. HO. KCL NaCl. CaCli. 
OC. 
— 35 15°26 . a ‘i 
= 30 13°98 on ue ks 
_ 95 12°60 - ” soles 
— 20 11-00 7 lea 
se ch 9°17 x8 11-10 tae 
10 7-02 8°40 8°93 
0G 4°15 és 4°72 sa 
= 4 3°41 mt 3°87 4°67 
— 3 2-68 3-00 3°02 3°70 
- 2 1°85 2-00 2°02 2°70 
-1 1-02 1°02 1°50 
In dealing with sea-water ice, it is well for the chemist and 
physicist to confine his attention in winter quarters to ice which he 
has seen freeze and with the whole of whose history he is himself 
acquainted. Old sea ice is nothing but a curiosity. Every lump of 
it in a pack has a different composition, and when the composition of 
a hundred lumps is known, unless their history is also known, it does 
not really advance our knowledge. 
Everything connected with the natural history of young ice—its 
birth, its growth, and its decay—is of interest, and its study, in the 
light of the foregoing remarks, will afford continual and interesting 
occupation. 
Land Ice and the Mechanics of Glaciers.—If ice is an important 
feature of the sea in Antarctic regions, it is a still more important 
feature of the land, and it should be the object of careful observation 
by the landing-party. The subject is a large one. The longer one 
studies ice the more one finds there is to learn about it, and the 
physicist or chemist who takes part in the Expedition should miss 
no opportunity of studying it in all directions. In order to do go 
with effect, he ought to have made preliminary studies of glaciers 
in Switzerland, where he finds every facility to his hand, and these 
studies should be made in winter as well as in summer. 
