180 THE ANTARCTIC MANUAL. 
ever, that the crystalline rocks of different areas present characteristic 
peculiarities, and a collection of such rocks in a district so new to us 
as the Antarctic region, can scarcely fail to afford useful material to 
the petrologist. Still more important is the collection of organic 
remains, on which subject some remarks will presently be made, 
The observer ought to collect suites of rock specimens and fossils, 
with the intention of himself subsequently drawing up an account of 
the structure and succession of the rocks in the countries visited. 
For this end, he can hardly collect too copiously, for errors in the 
naming of the rocks may thus be corrected, and the careful comparison 
of such specimens will often reveal to him curious relations which at 
the time he did not suspect. He must record, on the spot, such observa- 
tions as may give a permanent interest to the specimens, accompanying 
them by sketches or photographs when useful, and not trusting to 
memory. 
In order to make observations of value, some reading and much 
careful thought are necessary; but perhaps no science requires so 
little preparatory study as geology, and none so readily yields, 
especially in foreign countries, new and striking points of interest. 
Some of the highest problems in geology wait on the observer in 
distant regions for exploration—such as, whether the successive 
formations, as judged of by the character of their fossil remains, 
correspond in distant parts of the world to those of Europe and 
North America, or whether some of them may not correspond to 
intervals of time, during which sedimentary beds were not accumu- 
lated in the latter regions, or, having been accumulated there, have 
been subsequently destroyed; and again, whether the lowest forma- 
tions everywhere are the same with those in, which the most ancient 
forms of life have been recognised in the countries best known to 
geologists. These and many other wide views in the history of 
the world are open to any one who, applying thought and labour 
to his subject, has the good fortune to geologise in countries little 
frequented. 
The appearances presented by the different forms of stratification 
(that is, the original planes of deposition) may be soon learnt in the 
field; though no doubt the beginner would be aided by the diagrams 
given in many elementary works, or in the ‘ Arctic Manual.’ 
Outfit—The essential articles of a geologist’s outfit are neither 
numerous nor cumbrous. A very large proportion of the known 
geology of the world has been made out with no more elaborate 
appliances than a hammer, a pocket compass with a small index to 
serve as a Clinometer, a pocket lens, a note-book anda pencil. No 
