BIRDS. 227 
Penguin has been recorded from the Stewart and Snares Islands, off 
New Zealand, and as far south as the Macquarie group, so that its 
range is far wider than that of its congener. 
These two species may be easily distinguished from any other 
Penguins by their size, as well as by the slender shape of their bills, 
which are decurved at the tip. In both species the general colour of 
the upper parts is bluish grey, but in the Emperor a yellow semi- 
circular patch on each side of the head shades into white on the 
throat, whereas in the King orange-yellow bands on the sides of the 
neck join the orange on the throat to large yellow patches on each 
side of the nape. 
By far the most abundant species within the Antarctic circle ig 
the smaller blunt-billed Ap&LIg Lanp PENGUIN (Pygoscelis adelic), 
named after the place of its discovery. This is the black-headed 
species found in immense ‘rookeries’ on Victoria Land and Adélie 
Land, as well as in the area round Louis Philippe and Graham Lands, 
and at the South Shetland Islands. Near Cape Adare the first young 
were hatched on the 9th December and the latest in January, while 
by the 2nd February, when the Southern Cross left, most of the 
young had emerged from the downy stage. The naturalists who 
accompanied the Dundee whalers in 1892-3 speak of this as by 
far the most abundant species near Graham Land. Its range does 
not appear to extend far to the north of the Antarctic circle, and 
it has not been recorded from the Falklands, South Georgia Island, 
or further eastward, to the north of lat. 60°S., at any time of the 
year. Northward of lat. 63° S. its place seems to be taken by a 
slightly smaller Penguin with a white band across the crown, the 
‘Gentoo’ of the Falklands, and the ‘Johnny’ of sealers (Pyguscelis 
papua), which, like the King Penguin, extends its range far east- 
ward, being found at Marion Island, where Moseley described it, 
and in numbers on Kerguelen and Heard Islands; also at the Mac- 
quarie group, in lat. 55°, to the south of New Zealand. <A third 
member of this genus, the Ringed or Bridled Penguin (P. antarctica), 
seems to be restricted to the seas between Louis Philippe Land, 
Graham Land, the Falklands and South Georgia, while it is not 
known to be numerous anywhere. 
None of the Crested Penguins (Catarrhactes) are known to breed 
in the South American area to the southward of the Falklands and 
South Georgia. In these the ‘Gorfoo, or ‘Rock-hopper’ (C. chrysocome), 
is found: a bird which has a very wide range, passing by the Tristan 
da Cunha group to the Cape Seas, the Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen and 
St. Paul Islands, South Australia, and the New Zealand waters as 
Q 2 
