262 THE ANTARCTIC MANUAL. 
naturalists on the Challenger. Amphipods occur at a height of. 
13,300 feet above the level of the sea, at which altitude they have 
been collected by Mr. Whymper on the South American mountains. 
The group thus covers a very wide vertical area. Of the thirty-five 
named species, almost all of them collected by the Challenger, which 
have a more or less doubtful claim to have come from depths ex- 
ceeding 300 fathoms, five genera represented by as many species, all 
belonging to the division Gammarini, and all species found for the 
first time by the Challenger, come from the area we are considering. 
(i.) Valettia coheres, Stebb. One specimen only was trawled, and that 
at station 156. (ii.) Andania gigantea, Stebb. Two specimens only 
were trawled, one at station 146 and one at station 147, both near 
Marion Island. The specific name refers to the great size of this 
deep-sea species, which attains a length of some two inches, whereas 
the earlier known forms averaged 75th to }th inch in length. 
(iii.) Ediceroides cinderella, Stebb. Two specimens taken at station 
317 near the Falkland Islands. (iv.) Pleustes abyssorum, Stebb. One 
specimen only, taken at station 147 with the A. gigantea mentioned 
just above. (v.) Atylopsis emarginatus, Stebb. Dredged at station 
145a off Marion Island. 
Order X.—ISoPODA. 
Few groups illustrate so fully as the Isopoda the characteristics 
of life in abysmal depths. Of the eleven genera peculiar to the 
deep seas, only two have eyes; of the remaining species, seven have 
shallow-water representatives with fully-developed eyes. On the 
other hand it must not be forgotten that some deep-sea forms have 
well developed eyes, and further, that some littoral forms are blind. 
Again, the size which is attained by the deep-sea forms in the neigh- 
bourhood of both Poles is compared with the meagre proportions of the 
Isopods of our coasts simply gigantic, Bathynomus giganteus reaching 
a length of nine inches. Corresponding with its great size and with 
the conditions of its surroundings, this animal has developed special 
and extensive respiratory organs. B. giganteus is further remarkable 
for having its eyes, which are immense, with some four thousand 
facets, on the under side of the head, looking downward and not 
dorsally placed as is usual. Jolanthe contains several very large 
species, and at least two of the genus Serolis are gigantic. 
A great development of spines is a further characteristic feature 
of deep-sea Isopods. This peculiarity is recognised by the frequent 
use of such specific names as spinosus, spinifrons, bispinosum, quadri- 
spinosum, etc., and it occurs not only in the deep sea, but in Arctic 
