520 THE ANTARCTIC MANUAL, 
1873-74, DaLLMaNN in the whaler Grénland, sent out by a German company, visited 
Palmer Land and discovered the entrance to Bismarck strait. 
1874, Smr Georer Nares, in H.M.S. Challenger, first crossed the Antarctic circle by 
steam, and reached 66° 40’ in 78° 30’ E. 
1892-93. The Dundee Whaling Fleet, consisting of the Balaena (FAIRWHATHER), 
Active (RoBERTsON), Diana (Davipson), and the Polar Star, visited Louis 
Philippe Land. Scientific observations were made by WiLLiam 8. Bruce 
and Cuaries W. Dona.p, and paintings by W. G. Burn Murpocu. 
1892-93. Leonarp Larsen, in the Norwegian whaler Jason, sent out by a German 
company, visited Louis Philippe Land and the Weddell sea. 
1893-94. Lronarp Larsen in the Jason reached 68° 10’ S. in 59° 59’ W. on the east 
coast of Graham Land. 
1893-94. Wvensen in the Hertha, and Prpersen in the Castor, sailed along the west 
side of Graham Land, Evensen reaching 69° 10’ S. in 76° 12’ W. 
1894-95. Lronarp Kristensen, in the Norwegian whaler Antarctic, with OC. HE. 
BorcuGrevink on board, revisited Victoria Land and landed at Cape Adare 
and on Possession Island. 
1897-99. ADRIEN DE GERLACHE, in the Belgica, discovered and surveyed Belgica 
strait, and drifted for a year in the ice to the west of Graham Land, reaching 
71° 36’ S. in 87° 39’ W., and spending the first winter in the Antarctic 
Regions. Lecoinrr, ARgTowskKI, Racovirza, and F. A. Coox took part in 
the expedition. 
1898-99. Cart CuuN, on the Valdivia, rediscovered Bouvet island, and reached 
64° 15'S. in 54° 20’ E., although in an unprotected steel vessel. GERHARD 
Scuorr was the oceanographer of the expedition. 
1898-1900. Carstens Ecrsrrc Borcucreving, in the Southern Cross, fitted out by 
Sir Grorce Newnes, landed and wintered at Cape Adare. He landed on 
the southern ice-barrier, and reached 78° 50’ in 165° W. Louis Bsr- 
nacoent and Wiii1am Conseck took part in the expedition, with Carramn 
JENSEN as sailing master. 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
‘Yu system of abbreviations is that introduced in the Geographical Journal, and now 
employed with little modification in the geographical publications of ull countries. 
A.= Academy, Académie, Acca- | J. = Journal. 
demia, Akademie. k. u. k. = kaiserlich und kéniglich. 
Abh. or Abhand. = Abhandlungen. M. = Mitteilungen. 
Ann. = Annals, Annales, Annalen. Mag. = Magazine. 
B. = Bulletin, Bollettino, Boletim. Mem. = Memoirs, Mémoires. 
C. = Congress. Met. = Meteorological, Meteorology. 
C. Rd. = Comptes Rendus (if alone, | P. = Proceedings. 
it refers to the Paris Academy of | R. = Royal, royale. 
Sciences). Rey. = Review, Revue. 
Erdk. = Erdkunde. S. = Society, Société, Selskab. 
G. = Geography, Geographie, Geo- | T. = Transactions. 
grafia, Geographical, etc. V. = Verein. 
Ges. = Gesellschaft. Verh. = Verhandlungen. 
I. = Institute, Institution, Instituto. | W. = Wissenschaft. 
Imp. = Imperial. Z. = Zeitschrift. 
Iz. = Izvestiya. Zap. = Zapiski. 
