244 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [1895 
the elevation of the valley is about 250 feet above tide. The 
mean annual temperature ranges from 50° to 55°. 
The Apalachian region, or Western Maryland, consists of a 
series of parallel mountain ridges with deep valleys between 
them, cut at nearly right angles by the Potomac River. The 
Catoctin Ridge reaches 1800 feet, and the Blue Ridge, at Qui- 
rauk, 2400; while at Middletown and Hagerstown the eleva- 
tion is 500. The mountains proper begin at North Mountain, 
and reach in a number of cases 3000 feet and over; while the 
valleys near the Potomac have an elevation of 500 feet rapidly 
ascending ; the river at Cumberland being about 600 feet. 
The mean average temperature ranges from 50° to 58°. 
In the above mentioned areas, the Coastal Plain and the 
Piedmont Plateau are ornithologically within what is usually 
considered as the Carolina faunal area, as shown by the nesting 
of the Cardinal, Carolina Wren, Tufted Tit, etc. It will be 
found to be fairly divided into two sub-faunal regions. In the 
lower, or Coastal Plain, will be found the Mockingbird, Fish 
Hawk and Fish Crow, breeding in numbers. In the southern 
part of Maryland will be found traces of a still more southern 
faunal area, the Louisiana, distinguished by the presence of the 
Brown-headed Nuthatch. 
The eastern part of the Apalachian region is also included 
in the Carolina faunal area. The Alleghanian fauna covers 
the mountain region from North Mountain westward, it also 
appears an the higher parts of the Blue Ridge. This faunal 
region is the breeding range of the Chestnut-sided Warbler, 
. Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Wilson’s Thrush, ete. As this section 
has never been fully investigated by ornithologists, there 
remains the possibility, as suggested by Mr. C. W. Richmond, 
that the Snowbird (Junco hyemalis) may yet be found breeding 
in some of the hemlock tracts still standing; this would give 
a tinge of a more northern faunal area, the Canadian. 
* A circle drawn round Baltimore City, with its centre at 
Baltimore and Charles streets, and a 15-mile radius, will take 
in over one-half of Baltimore County, and parts of Anne 
