314 



CEDICNEMID^ 



. No web between the anterior toes. 



a'. Hind toe absent Calidris, p. 410. 



6'. Hind toe present. 

 a^. Toes long, far exceeding the tarsus in 

 length. 



a^. With a frontal shield Actophilus, p. 337. 



6^ No frontal shield Microparra, Tp. 3il. 



V. Toes moderate, tarsus about equal to or 

 exceeding the middle toe and claw. 

 a^. Ear opening well behind the level of 



the hinder edge of the eye Tringa, p. 404. 



6'. Eye placed far back, so that the ear 

 opening just touches the level of the 

 hinder edge of the eye. 

 a*. Tail feathers 16 (in South African 



species), outer ones narrowed Gallinago, Tp. 412. 



h^. Tail feathers 10, outer ones not 



narrowed Bostratula, p. 418. 



Family I. CEDICNEMID^. 



Skull holorhinal ; nostrils pervious ; no basipterygoid processes, 

 and sixteen cervical vertebrae. The external characters are given in 

 the description of the single South African genus. 



Fig. 98. — Front half of the skulls of CEdicnemus and of Numenius, from 

 above, to show the difference between holorhinal and schizorhinal nostrils ; 

 in the former the posterior end of the nasal opening is evenly rounded ofi, in 

 the latter this portion of the aperture is slitlike. 



