Toxtco AND ANTITOXIO EFrFrects oF Ions 1727 
sodium-chloride solution necessarily originate from the posi- 
tively charged ions. Besides the electrical charge other fac- 
tors may have to be considered in the toxicity of ions for the 
determination of which physical chemistry and physics must 
first furnish us the data. In this category belongs, for 
example, the fact that the toxic effects of the sodium salts 
of the halogens upon fish eggs (perhaps upon protoplasm in 
general) increase in the following order: NaCl, NaBr, Nal, 
NaF. In addition we find that the bivalent anions are in 
general more poisonous than the monovalent, and the triv- 
alent more poisonous than either. The same also holds true 
to a certain extent for the poisonous effects of kations. 
In order to make the bulk of this paper no greater than 
it is already, I shall discuss my experiments on the toxic 
effects of ions no further at this point. 
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