MAMMALIA. 



15 



Pier-case 4. 



Pleistocene period an extinct species of very large size, whose Pier-ease 4. 

 remains are frequently found in the caverns of Europe, Table-case 

 is named the cave-bear ( Ursus spelssus). A skeleton, recon- 

 structed from the bones of several individuals from French 

 caverns, is exhibited in Pier-case 4. Eemains of this species 

 (Fig. 5) are common in the English and "Welsh caverns, but 

 it does not appear to have reached 

 Ireland or North America. A curious 

 snub-nosed bear (Arctotheriurn), also 

 of large size, existed in the Pleistocene 

 period in America; and a partially 

 reconstructed skeleton of it, from the 

 pampa of Buenos Aires, is mounted in 

 Pier-case 4. In the Pliocene of 

 Europe and Asia, and in the Miocene 

 of Europe, there are bear-like quad- 

 rupeds with square (not elongated) 

 upper grinding teeth (Fig. 6). A very 

 large species, Hysenarctos sivalensis, 

 from the Siwalik Formation of India, 

 is represented by a fine skull and other remains in Pier- 

 case 4. This animal seems to have differed from the bears 

 and resembled the dogs in having a very prominent elbow. 

 Older fossils from the Miocene and Oligocene of Europe, 

 named Amphicyon and Cephalogale (Fig. 7), belong to animals 



Fig. 6. — View of grind- 

 ing surface of molar 

 tooth of Hysenarctos, 

 from the Red Crag of 

 Suffolk ; nat. size. 



Table-case 

 2. 



Pig. 7. Eight ramus of lower jaw of a primitive dog-like, bear-like 



Mammal {Cephalogale brevwosbris), from the Oligocene Phosphorites 

 of Prance ; nat. size. 



of a strictly flesh-eating kind, which were neither bears nor 

 dogs, but intermediate between the two families. Good 

 examples of the dentition are seen in Table-case 2. 



