54 GUIDE TO THE FOSSIL MAMMALS AND BIRDS. 



Pier-cases explanatory sketches on the pillar between Pier-cases 31 

 28 '' 31, and 32. This animal evidently fell into a hole when quietly 

 browsing on grass ; its sprawling attitude shows that it 

 attempted to scramble out ; a great amount of clotted blood 

 found in the chest-cavity indicates that it burst a blood- 

 vessel by over-exertion; and a mouthful of grass between 

 the teeth, not yet swallowed, proves that death was quite 

 sudden. This specimen has been skilfully preserved in the 

 Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, the skin 

 being partially restored and stuffed in the attitude of the 

 death-struggle, the skeleton mounted separately, and the 

 Pier-ease other soft parts placed in bottles. As proved by this and 

 31 - other discoveries, the Arctic mammoth was well clothed in 

 reddish-brown wool and long black hair, while the tail was 

 tipped by a large tassel of hair. A piece of the woolly skin 

 and a bottle filled with the long hair are exhibited with the 

 collection of remarkably fresh bones of the mammoth from 

 the Arctic regions in Pier-case 31. Jaws, teeth and bones 

 from the Thames valley, including Sir Antonio Brady's 

 remarkable collection from Ilford, are arranged in Pier- 

 Pier-case case 32 and the adjacent Table-case 17 ; while ' the finest 

 32. s k u ll f a mammoth (with complete tusks 10 ft. 6 in. in 

 ' length) hitherto discovered in Britain, is mounted in a special 

 Case marked K in the middle of the Gallery. This specimen 

 was also found in a brickfield at Ilford, and seems to have 

 been associated witli a whole skeleton, which was unfortu- 

 nately dug out in pieces and sold by the workmen to a local 

 rag and bone merchant before the interest of the discovery 

 was recognised. In the English collection there is evidence 

 of mammoths of all ages, and an instructive series of teeth 

 Table-eases f young individuals is placed in Table-case 17 A. The 

 ' a ' specimens of greatest geological antiquity are the molars in 

 Table-case 17 obtained by Mr. A. C. Savin from the Norfolk 

 Forest Bed. Molars from numerous localities in England 

 and on the Continent are arranged in Table-case 18 to 

 illustrate distribution and variation ; and a series dredged 

 from the bed of the North Sea (chiefly the Owles Collection) 

 Table-eases is placed in Table-case 19 (Figs. 43, 44). Molars of the 

 18, 19. southern race from the Old World and North America, 

 named M&phas arm,eniacus and E. columbi, are exhibited in 

 Table-case 17. 



The Pleistocene allies of the existing African elephant 

 had a less extensive geographical distribution than the 

 mammoth, and they never ranged sufficiently far north to 



