CLASSIFICATION 7 1 



than is found in other insects. Compare this plan with 

 human industry and government. Industries and govern- 

 ment make civiHzation and civiHzation indicates the common 

 intelligence of mankind. 



Classification. — From A. E. Popenoe. — The bees are very diffi- 

 cult to trace to the species. The following table will be found 

 convenient. 



Table of Principal Families of the Hymenoptera. 



Section i. Stingers. Females provided with a sting, 

 modified ovipositor. 



Apidae. Honeybees, bumblebees, etc. 



Bodies hairy, stout, abdomen sessile; wings not folded in repose; 

 prothorax a narrow collar ; mandibles of usual shape ; but labium, 

 tongue and maxillae long, slender and used as a haustellum; hind 

 tibiae and first tarsal joint broad and concave in most species, used 

 as a pollen basket ; legs of moderate length. 



Vespidae. Hornets, wasps, etc. 



Bodies more slender, smooth, firm; abdomen sessile; wings (at 

 least fore ones) folded lengthwise in repose; prothorax extending 

 back on sides to base of anterior wings; antennae more or less cla- 

 vate, elbowed ; legs moderate. 



Crabronidae. Sand wasps. 



Bodies firm, moderately slender, strongly punctured, slightly 

 hairy; head large squarish; antennae elbowed, the long second joint 

 received when at rest in a vertical frontal groove; fore feet adapted 

 for digging, broad, spiny; legs of moderate length. 



Bembecidae. Horse guards. 



Bodies somewhat flattened, stout, rather smooth; head large; 

 labrum long, triangular; feet stout, for digging, but of moderate 

 length. Large black and yellow insects, feeding on flies, which they 

 seize about animals or along roads. 



