32 



The eggs, from six to twelve in each slit, are placed side by side iin 

 the cambium layer or in the inner bark, and the strip or core between the 

 openings is severed from the sap wood, so that it dies. This is probably 

 done in order to prevent the crushing of the eggs that would naturally 

 follow a continuation of the growth of the whole twig. Each female pro- 

 duces from one hundred to two hundred eggs, but the period of oviposi- 

 tion is quite pri^longed, beginning about the middle of August and con- 

 , tinuing until frost kills the adult. In the Province of Quebec some' 

 females were observed depositing eggs as late as the end of October. 

 The eggs remain dormant in the twigs over winter, hatching in May or 

 June of the following season. Soon after hatching the young nymphs- 

 migrate to the more tender annual vegetation, where they live by sucking- 

 the juice from the stems. 



Two parasites have been reported, both preying upon the eggs:: 

 Tricho gramma cerasarum Ashm., and a small dipterous egg parasite- 

 reared by Mr. J. G. Jack. 



REMEDIES. 



The fact that this insect secures its food by sucking bars the use of 

 poisons, and contact insecticides are equally unavailing against the adults, 

 on account of their habit of jumping when disturbed. These latter solu- 

 tions may, however, be used successfuly against the nymphs. The best 

 remedy for nursery and orchard conditions is clean culture, keeping down 

 all annual plants upon which the nymphs feed, thus starving them tO' 

 death. Of course this remedy would not apply to natural forests or 

 forest plantations where no cultivation is practiced ; but in these cases 

 the weeds and grass may be sprayed about July 1 if it appears necessary,, 

 at which time the larvae are most numerous, with kerosene emulsion or 

 some other contact insecticide. 



1876, Glover, Rept. U. S. Commr. Agri.., p. 29. 

 1892, Goding, Insect Life, 5:92. 

 *1894, Marlatt, Insect Life, 7:8-14. 



Acutalis calva Say. Feeding on sap of black locust. 

 1904, Reported by Prof. H. Osborn. 



Ophiderma salamandra Fairm. ^'Feeding sap from tender twigs '" 

 1903, Hopkins, Bui. 32, W. Va. Agri. Exp. Sta., p. 231, No. 438„ 



TMia bimmculata Fabr. Sucking sap from tender twigs Quite 

 common on black locust trees near Columbus, Ohio. 

 1869, Walsh and Riley, Am. Ent., 2:27. 

 1892, Goding, Insect Life,, 5:93. 

 1893, Lintner, 9th Rept. N. Y. State' Ent., 9:392. 



♦Description and life history. 



