339 



grown the maggot leaves the fruit, passes into the ground and there transforms 

 inside a tough, leathery case. Cultivation has been found to be of no value as a 

 means of control. The only effective treatment is to pick up all windfalls every 

 two or three days and either to feed them out or to bury them deeply, thus killing 

 the maggots. 



The small caterpillars live in pistol — or cigar-shaped cases, about 

 Case-bearers, i inch long, that they carry around with them. They appear 



in spring on the opening buds at the same tipie as the bud-moth 

 and may be controlled by the same means. Cornell Bulletins 93 and 124. 



This scale is nearly circular in outline and about the size of a pin 

 San Jose scale, head (Fig. 150). When abundant it forms a crust on the 



branches and causes small red spots on the fruit. It multiplies 

 with marvelous rapidity, there being three or four broods annually and each mother 

 scale may give birth to several hundred young. The young are born alive and 



San Jose Scale. Scurfy Scale Oyster-shell Scale. 



Fig 150. The three common scales infesting the apple. 



breeding continues until late autumn when all stages are killed by the cold 

 weather except the tiny half-grown, black scales many of which hibernate safely. 

 Spray thoroughly in the fall after the leaves drop, or early in the spring before 

 growth begins, with lime-sulphur wash, or miscible oil, i gal. in 10 gals, of water. 

 When badly infested make two applications, one in the fall and another in the 

 spring. In case of large old trees, 25% crude oil emulsion should be applied just 

 as tfee buds are swelling. Geneva Bulletins 262, 296 and Circular 9. 



This is an elongate scale, J inch in length, resembling an oyster 

 Oyster-shell shell in shape and often encrusting the bark. It hiber- 

 SCale. nates as minute white eggs under the old scales. The eggs 



(Fig. 150.) hatch during the latter part of May or in June, the date depend- 

 ing on the season. After they hatch, the young may be seen as tiny whitish lice 

 crawling about on the bark. When these young appear spray with kerosene 

 emulsion, diluted with 6 parts of water, or whale-oil or any good soap, i lb. in 4 or 

 5 gals, of water. 



