BIRD ENEMIES OF THE CATERPILLARS 121 



elm, apple, pear, ash, and other trees, laying their eggs near 

 the tips of the twigs,— flying by daylight. Then the birds had 

 another feast. Vireos of four kinds, fly-catchers of three kinds, 

 both cuckoos, robins, rose-breasted grosbeaks, tanagers, cedar- 

 birds, cat-birds, orioles, redwinged blackbirds, martins, and 

 sparrows fed on the moths as they had done on the pupee and 

 iarvfE. Chipping sparrows became expert ' lofty tumblers ' in 



Fig. 4S. — Apple Leaves, partially eaten ; one showing CDCoon. 



their zigzag pursuit of the flying moths, and even the English 

 sparrows had a brief season of usefulness, for they really ate 

 some of these moths, though they would not touch either pupse 

 or larvas." 



The Baltimore orioles were among the most efficient ene- 

 mies of the caterpillars, destroying them in great numbers for 

 their own food as well as to feed their young. These orioles 

 are exceedingly useful birds, as they generally feed freely upon 



