SYLVICULTURE. 



Jack Pine (Pinus divaricata) does very well on the poorest 

 sand. It Is, however, handicapped by deer; very rapid growth. 

 Pinus rigida crawls on the ground during the first and second year, 

 putting up a strong stem thereafter. Pinus sylvestris (Scotch Pine) 

 is the cheapest that can be planted and the most successful species 

 at Axton. Afc Biltmore it does exceedingly well on dry south slopes. 



White Pine: Quite different from Yellow Pine is the ease with 

 ^vhich it is transplanted. Seedlings one year old are very small 

 and apt to suffer from leaves smothering them. Seedlings two years 

 old have been planted at Biltmore on abandoned fields (in holes) 

 very successfully. Transplants three and four years old are usually 

 used. Owing to its greater shade bearing qualities White Pine may 

 be used also for temporary underplanting. Seedlings suffer badly 

 from fungi. White Pine is subject to damage from too-deep plant- 

 ing. At Axton, the best and strongest individuals form a second 

 summer shoot, the buds of which are killed by early frost, so that 

 no top shoot grows in the ensuing year. At Biltmore, the second 

 shoot seems to be safe from frost. 



Relative to other White Pines (flexilis, monticola, albicaulis, 

 lambertiana, aristata) no information is available. 



Spruce: Nursery rills one inch wide, five inches apart. Trans- 

 planting distance usually four by six inches. Slow growth at 

 first. Smallest size that may be used are seedlings two years old. 

 Ball planting best, bunch planting frequent in mountains. Trans- 

 plants three to five years old are preferable. Plant in holes, never 

 in clefts. Very sensitive to deep planting. Spring planting forms 

 the rule except in high mountains. High atmospheric moisture is 

 a prerequisite for Spruce. Do not trim. Number of plants per 

 acre from 1,500 transplants to 10,000 seedlings. Picea excelsa 

 might replace P. rubens (the former being cheaper), if the resist- 

 ance to snow-breaks shown by rubens were equalled by excelsa. 

 Plantations twelve years old should fully cover the ground. 



Firs: Seed should be planted in fall. Rills close, say four 

 inches; cover, one-half inch. Early growth very slow; lath screens 

 very essential, owing to sensitiveness of youngsters to heat and 

 cold. Transplants five years old are best. Planting on open ground 

 is dangerous; underplanting is very advisable. Species most planted 

 are Abies pectinata, balsamea, concolor. 



Larch or Tamarack: The Western, European and Japanese 

 Larch are scattering species, doing badly in pure stands. Growth 

 in early youth is rapid. Seedlings two years old and transplants 

 three years old are preferred for forest planting. The distance of 



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