SYLVICULTURE 



the regeneration of the primeval group form is of the cleared or 

 advance growth group type; and the regeneration of the primeval 

 compartment form is usually of the cleared compartment type. 



Obviously, with the beginning of logging operations the 

 "primeval forms" are gradually, piece by piece, changed into "culled 

 forms," the display of which largely depends on vendibility and on 

 fires. 



Rarely only the "primeval forest enters at once or directly into 

 a, cultured form (Pisgah Forest of the Biltmore Estate; Ne-ha-sa-ne 

 park; government forests in Galizia) without passing through the 

 stage of '"culled form." In the large majority of cases, the primeval 

 woods pass through "culled forms" into "cultured forms," in the 

 course of generations of men and of trees. 



B. Culled forms of high forest: 



I. Characteristic for the ciilled forms of high forest is the 

 absence of mature or maturing trees belonging to a desirable species; 

 the preponderance of weeds, unsound trees, undesirable species and 

 of trees and poles badly crippled by the logging operations. Only 

 diseased trees or relatively small trees of the desirable species are 

 left to seed the ground. 



Advance growth is invariably spoiled where the trees are omni- 

 vendible or multivendible. 



Characteristic for the culled forms is, further, the presence of 

 large amounts of debris and of a parched humus. 



As a rule, the culled forms show death and scars due to forest 

 fires. 



Frequently, the culled forest displays an entirely new assort- 

 ment of the species composing it, the previously prevailing species 

 having been removed by logging. It is more "mobbish" than the 

 primeval forest. 



II. Subdivisions of culled forms of high forest: 



The culled forest is usually more uniform than the primeval 

 forest from which it emanates, owing to the uniform character of 

 the logging operations. Still, the compartment form, group form and 

 selection form originally exhibited are usually retained. 



In the compartment form and in the group form a few worthless 

 trees or veterans left standing and continuing to live frequently 

 remind on the "form of standards in high forest" or on the "form 

 of underplanted high forest." (Compare C, II, b, of the same para- 

 graph.) 



III. Treatment of the culled high forest : 



Where fires are kept out, the chances for seed regeneration are 

 good— unusually good— owing to the condition of the seed-bed and 

 to the unlimited food supply available for the seedlings. 



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