SYLVICULTURE 



Seed years are not of record. 



D. Walnuts : 



I. Primeval forests: 



The Walnuts appear In the primeval woods invariably in mix- 

 ture with other species, on strong soil, seemingly regenerated by the 

 selection tj'pt. 



II. Culled high forests: 



The \\alnuts seem remarkably fireproof from the early pole stage 

 on. Seed regeneration is rare in the woods, but more frequent on old 

 deadenings close to habitations, where the squirrels were held in 

 check. 



III. Cultured high forests : 



\^'ithout artificial help, n. s. r. seems very problematic. Under 

 any circumstances, the rodents must be kept off. 



Plantations are frequently found and do very well in early youth, 

 unless the soil is badly hardened and impoverished. The stands 

 should be dense, whether pure or mixed with Oaks etc., so as to 

 produce clean boles. Plantations seem to fail in the close proximity 

 of old trees. 



The plantations at Biltmore have failed invariably in the woods, 

 owing to the ravages of squirrels; toungya on leased farms shows 

 poor success, owing to the unreliability of the lessees; plantations of 

 seedlings three years old failed badly; plantations of yearlings freeze 

 to the ground annually on all slopes; plantations of nuts on small 

 fields have done very well, where the ground was good; and the 

 change from good to bad, brought about by the undulations of the 

 soil, is very marked. Failures on poor soil are now doctored up by a 

 nursegrowth of Yellow Pines, — a remedy promising some success. 



E. Beech : 



I. The primeval forest exhibits the compartment, group and se- 

 lection type of n. s. r. The humus is usually very hea^-y and so moist 

 that fires have a poor chance to spread. In the South, at lower alti- 

 tudes, Beech merely fringes the riyer banks. 



II. The culled high forest shows many stump sprouts, stumps 

 three feet high forming the sprouts on the top of the stump. 



In the Blue Grass Region, huge park trees are frequently found in 

 a dense undergrowth of seedlings and saplings. Here the more valu- 

 able species have been culled out many years ago, and the Beech is 

 left in exclusive possession of the soil. 



III. The cultured high forests of Beech are easily regenerated in 

 the ahelterwood-corapartment type. The selection type yields branchy 

 boles. Beech is the best companion imaginable for faster-growing 



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