SYLVICULTURE 



species; is splendidly qualified for an underwood planted beneath 

 aristocratic species; is exacting and sensitive. 



Plantations on abandoned fields are out of the question, except 

 at high altitudes. 



Xo seed years are of record at Biltmore. The trees on the river 

 banks fruit aimually. 



F. Basswood : 



I. Primeval forests : 



In the Lake States and in the Alleghanies,'Basswood exhibits the 

 form emanating from the selection type of n. 3. r., grafted on the 

 compartment type of White Pine or of Hard Maple, or else mixed 

 with Hard Maple, Elm, Chestnut, Red Oak, Yellow Poplar. 



II. Culled high forests : 



The regeneration follows the selection type; fires clip the seed- 

 lings and saplings; larger poles and trees seem to withstand well. 



III. 'Cultured high forests: 



Y"oung seedlings develop very slowly; they are less sensitive than 

 their shade-endurance would indicate. Pure forests are found only 

 in Russia. 



Seedlings planted at Biltmore on old fields, of strong qualities, 

 have hesitated to develop for six years, growing bushy and crooked; 

 in 1904, they promise good results. 



Linden luiderplanted below Oaks and Chestnuts after moderate 

 thinning on North slopes seems to answer admirably, forming long 

 and straight, although overhanging topshoots. 



Seedyears in Pisgah Forest occur annually. The majority of the 

 seeds, however, seem to drop immature. 



G. Yellow Poplar: 



I. Primeval forests : 



Yellow Poplar appears invariably in the selection type, or in the 

 form of standards. 



II. Culled high forests : 



The species attempts unceasingly to propagate its kind by 

 u. s. r. The heavier the destruction by the axe, the better are its 

 chances for success. Fires, on the other hand, annihilate the seed- 

 lings and check the chances for regeneration thereafter, owing to a 

 rank growth of weeds following the fires. In Pisgah Forest, seed- 

 lings and saplings were entirely lacking, until fires were stopped. 



The regeneration on old fields, on the other hand, is prolific and 

 easy. Cattle press the seeds into the ground and check the com- 

 peting weeds. Sassafras, Locust and Pine frequently act as ushers. 

 The old fields are usually protected from fire by the owners wishing 

 to protect their fences. 



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