SYLVICULTURE 



P. rigida and P. echinata less than 6 inches in diameter are 

 also coppiced (New Jersey Pines) to a limited extent 



Where the pure high forest continues, fire has usually improved 

 the chances for n. s. r. by preparing a ready seed bed and by lessening 

 the severity of future fires. ^ 



All Yellow Pines regenerate prolifically on abandoned fields 

 often in stands which artificial planting could not produce equally 



HI. Cultured high forests: 



The n. s. r. of P. echinata in the Biltmore woods creates nuclei 

 for small groups which are freed and gradually enlarged. Heavy 

 thinnings from the early thicket stage on prevent crowding in the 

 pole stage and hereby check the chances for successful- attacks by the 

 bark beetles. Pruning 100 decidedly predestined trees per acre seems 

 remunerative (dead branches only) at Biltmore. 



Standard form of P. echinata seems indicated at Biltmore. 



All Yellow Pines are easily planted when one or two years old 

 and get along without cultivation on old fields. Heavy growth of 

 weeds, on good soil, however, is sure to smother them. 



In pure and large natural regenerations, it is wise to leave some 

 hardwood standards with a view to securing an admixture of hard- 

 wood seedlings in due course of time. 



In mixture with White Pine, Yellow Pine is soon subdued on good 

 soil, while it retains the lead on poor soil. 



Seed years of Pinus echinata at Biltmore occur every seven 

 years. The fall of 1902 was a prolific breeder of seeds even in pole- 

 woods 35 years old (Walker-nursery at Biltmore). 



CHAPTER III. 



THE COPPICE FOREST. 

 Paragraph LXVIII. Genesis of the coppice forest and its methods. 



The coppice forest is either the result of stump-shoots or is 

 obtained from rootsuckers, layers and cuttings. 



A. Stumpshoots ( or stoolshoots or coppice shoots ) . 



I. Species : All hardwoods whilst young form stump shoots when 

 cut just above the callus. Amongst the softwoods, the Sequoias ex- 

 hibit enormous stump sprouts. Amongst the Yellow Pines, P. rigida 

 and echinata, after P. E. Olmsted also P. taeda, are capable of de- 

 veloping sprouts from stumps measuring less than six inches in 

 diameter. White Pines, Spruces, Firs, Larches, Hemlocks, etc., 

 never form coppice shoots. 



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