SYLVICULTURE 



pruning is expensive and dangerous at the same time since live 

 branches are removed. The danger is particularly great where the 

 rotations are long, the pruned stump shoots being left for decades of 

 years after pruning. 



In the pollarding form, pruning or rather lopping obviously 

 comprises the hai-vest of the crop. 



Paragraph LXX. Key to the forms of coppice forest. 



Although coppicing is called a type of natural regeneration, it 

 is an absolutely unnatural measure never adopted by primeval 

 nature. Primeval forms of coppice forest proper do not exist. 



Species propagating their kind, at least partially, by root- 

 suckers frequently form rootsucker forests closely resembling coppice 

 forests proper. 



Chestnuts, Locusts and many other hardwoods broken down by ' 

 storm may form natural sprouts as well from the stumps. Still, 

 these cases are probably so scattering as not to deserve the name of 

 "form of primeval coppice forest." 



Thus there remain only two large groups of coppice forests, 

 namely "Culled Coppice Forests" and "Cultured Coppice Forests." 

 In both cases we have to deal only with the large-area form or com- 

 partment form of coppice. 



Woods seemingly consisting of uneven-aged coppice shoots, mixed 

 in groups or individually, are dealt with as "Forms of coppice-under- 

 standards" (Par. LXXIII-Par. LXXVIII), unless the standards are 

 worthless and promise to remain worthless. 



A. Culled forms of coppice: 



Tliesv; forms emerge either directly from omnivendible primeval 

 forms, or else have passed through the intermediate stage of "culled 

 coppice uiider standards." 



T. Characteristic for culled coppice is: 



An even display of growth. 



A surprising density of stand. 



The presence of some weathered and worthless snags and stumps 

 protruding from the even sea of coppice. 



II. Subdivisions of culled coppice: 



Uniformity being characteristic for culled coppice, sub-forms can 

 scarcely be singled out, unless the means of coppicing— fire or axe- 

 serve as a criterion. Hence there might be distinguished 



a. The form of fire— culled coppice, and 



b The form of axe— culled coppice; 



This distinction is not made on the basis of different display; 

 but on the basis of difference in treatment required by the two forms. 



157 



